Ἰάκωβος

Ἰάκωβος — Iákōbos

Ἰάκωβος, Ἰακώβου, ὁ (see the preceding word (and cf. Buttmann, 6, 18 (16))), James;

1. son of Zebedee, an apostle, and brother of the apostle John (commonly called James the greater or elder). He was slain with the sword by the command of king Herod Agrippa I. (circa A.D. 44): Mat 4:21; Mat 10:2;; Mar 1:19; Mar 1:29; Mar 3:17; Mar 5:37; Mar 9:2; Mar 10:35; Mar 10:41; Mar 13:3; Mar 14:33; Luk 5:10; Luk 6:14; Luk 8:51; Luk 9:28; Luk 9:54; Act 1:13; Act 12:2.

2. James (commonly called the less), an apostle, son of Alphaeus: Mat 10:3; Mar 3:18; Luk 6:15; Act 1:13; apparently identical with Ἰάκωβος ὁ μικρός James the little (A. V. the less), the son of Mary, Mar 15:40 (Mat 27:56);, wife of Cleophas (i. e. Clopas, which see) or Alphaeus, Joh 19:25; see in Ἁλφαῖος, and in Μαρία, 3.

3. James, the brother of our Lord (see ἀδελφός, 1): Mat 13:55; Mar 6:3; Gal 1:19 (where εἰ μή is employed according to a usage illustrated under εἰ, III. 8 c. β'.);; Act 12:1?;; 1Co 15:7 (?); Jas 1:1, the leader of the Jewish Christians, and by them surnamed ὁ δίκαιος the Just, the overseer (or bishop) of the church at Jerusalem down to the year 62 or 63 (or according to Hegesippus in Eusebius, h. e. 2, 23 (translated in B. D., p. 1206) down to 69, which is hardly probable (see Heinichen's note at the passage)), in which year he suffered martyrdom, Josephus, Antiquities 20, 9, 1. In opposition to the orthodox opinion (defended in B. D. under the word ), which identifies this James with James the son of Alphaeus, and understands ὁ ἀδελφός τοῦ κυρίου to mean his cousin, cf. especially Clemen in Winer's Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Theol. for 1829, p. 351ff; Blom, Diss. de τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς... τοῦ κυρίου. Lugd. 1839; Wilib. Grimm in Ersch u. Gruber's Encycl., Sect. 2, vol. 23, p. 80ff; Schaff, Das Verhältniss des Jacobus, Bruders des Herrn, zu Jacobus Alphäi. Beth 1842 (also his Church Hist. (1882) i., 272f); Hilgenfeld, Galaterbrief etc., p. 138ff; Hausrath in Sehenkel iii., p. 175ff; (Sieffert in Herzog edition 2, vi., 464ff; and references under the word ἀδελφός, 1 (especially Lightfoot)).

4. An unknown James, father of the apostle Judas (or Jude): Luk 6:16; Act 1:13, according to the opinion of those interpreters who think that not ἀδελφόν but υἱόν must be supplied in the phrase Ιουδαν Ἰακώβου; see Ἰού?Dan 8:1-27.