¹ And I have turned, and I see all the oppressions that are done under the sun, and lo, the tear of the oppressed, and they have no comforter; and at the hand of their oppressors is power, and they have no comforter.

² And I am praising the dead who have already died above the living who are yet alive.

³ And better than both of them is he who hath not yet been, in that he hath not seen the evil work that hath been done under the sun.

⁴ And I have seen all the labour, and all the benefit of the work, because for it a man is the envy of his neighbour. Even this is vanity and vexation of spirit.

⁵ The fool is clasping his hands, and eating his own flesh:

⁶ `Better is a handful with quietness, than two handfuls with labour and vexation of spirit.'

⁷ And I have turned, and I see a vain thing under the sun:

⁸ There is one, and there is not a second; even son or brother he hath not, and there is no end to all his labour! His eye also is not satisfied with riches, and he saith not , `For whom am I labouring and bereaving my soul of good?' This also is vanity, it is a sad travail.

⁹ The two are better than the one, in that they have a good reward by their labour.

¹⁰ For if they fall, the one raiseth up his companion, but woe to the one who falleth and there is not a second to raise him up!

¹¹ Also, if two lie down, then they have heat, but how hath one heat?

¹² And if the one strengthen himself, the two stand against him; and the threefold cord is not hastily broken.

¹³ Better is a poor and wise youth than an old and foolish king, who hath not known to be warned any more.

¹⁴ For from a house of prisoners he hath come out to reign, for even in his own kingdom he hath been poor.

¹⁵ I have seen all the living, who are walking under the sun, with the second youth who doth stand in his place;

¹⁶ there is no end to all the people, to all who were before them; also, the latter rejoice not in him. Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit.