The Philistine Champion Taunts Israel

¹ The Philistines gathered their camps¹ for battle and they were gathered at Socoh which belongs to Judah. They camped between Socoh and Azekah in Ephes Dammim.

1. Or “armies”

² Then Saul and the men of Israel were gathered and encamped in the valley of Elah, and they formed ranks for the battle to meet the Philistines.

³ The Philistines were standing on the hill on one side and the army of Israel was standing on the hill on the other side with the valley between them.

⁴ Then ⌞a champion⌟¹ went out from the camps of the Philistines, whose name was Goliath from Gath. His height was six cubits and a span.²

1. Literally “a man of the space between”
2. A cubit was about eighteen inches and a span about nine inches, so the Masoretic Hebrew text gives the height of nine feet, nine inches. Ancient Greek versions variously give Goliath’s height as four, five, or sixteen cubits.

⁵ A bronze helmet was on his head, and he was clothed with scale body armor; the weight of the body armor was five thousand bronze shekels.

⁶ Bronze greaves¹ were on his legs,² and a bronze javelin was slung between his shoulders.

1. Or “shin guards”
2. Hebrew “feet”

⁷ The shaft of his spear was like a weaver’s beam and the point of his spear weighed six hundred iron shekels. ⌞His shield bearer⌟¹ was walking in front of him.

1. Literally “The one who carried his shield”

⁸ He stood and called to the battle lines of Israel and said to them, “Why have you come out to form ranks for battle? Am I not the Philistine, and you the servants of Saul? Commission for yourselves a man and let him come down to me.

⁹ If he is able to fight with me and he defeats me, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail over him and defeat him, then you will be our servants and you will serve us.”

¹⁰ Then the Philistine said, “I hereby defy the battle lines of Israel today! Give me a man so that we may fight each other!”

¹¹ When Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and very afraid.

David Enters the Scene of Battle

¹² Now David was the son of an Ephrathite. This man was from Bethlehem of Judah, and his name was Jesse. ⌞He had⌟¹ eight sons; in the days of Saul this man was old, yet he still walked among² the men.

1. Literally “And for him were”
2. The LXX reads “he went in years”; that is, he was advanced in years

¹³ The three oldest sons of Jesse had gone and ⌞followed⌟¹ Saul to the battle. The names of his three sons who went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, his second oldest was Abinadab, and the third was Shammah.

1. Literally “went after”

¹⁴ Now David was the youngest. The three oldest ⌞followed⌟¹ Saul,

1. Literally “went after”

¹⁵ but David went ⌞back and forth⌟¹ from Saul to feed the sheep of his father in Bethlehem.

1. Literally “was going and was returning”

¹⁶ Now the Philistine came forward early and late, and he took his stand for forty days.

¹⁷ Then Jesse said to his son David, “Please take for your brothers an ephah of this roasted grain and these ten loaves of bread, and bring them quickly to the camp for your brothers.

¹⁸ And these ten portions of cheese you will bring to the commander of the thousand; ⌞find out how your brothers are doing⌟,¹ and take their pledge.”²

1. Literally “make a careful inspection as far as peace concerning your brothers”
2. That is, some pledge or token of assurance that they had received the goods

¹⁹ Now Saul and they¹ and all the men of Israel were in the valley of Elah fighting the Philistines.

1. That is, David’s brothers

²⁰ David rose early in the morning and left the sheep with a keeper, and he took the provisions and went as Jesse had commanded him. He came to the encampment while the troops were going to the battle line, and they raised the war cry.

²¹ Israel and the Philistines drew up in battle lines, ⌞one battle line against the other⌟.¹

1. Literally “battle line to oppose battle line”

²² David left the baggage he had with him in the ⌞care⌟¹ of the baggage keeper, ran to the battle line, and came and ⌞asked how his brothers were doing⌟.²

1. Literally “hand”
2. Literally “asked his brothers as far as peace”

²³ While he was speaking to them, ⌞the champion⌟,¹ whose name was Goliath the Philistine from Gath, was coming up from the caves² of the Philistines. He spoke ⌞just as he had previously⌟,³ and David heard his words.

1. Literally “the man of the space between”
2. So the Masoretic Hebrew text (Kethib); the reading tradition (Qere) and LXX have “ranks”
3. Literally “according to these words”

²⁴ When all the men of Israel saw the man, they fled from his presence and were very afraid.

²⁵ And the men of Israel said, “Did you see this man who has come up? For he is going up to defy Israel! It will be that the man who defeats him, the king will make him¹ very rich with great wealth and will give him his daughter in marriage and will make his father’s house free in Israel.”²

1. That is, the man who defeats Goliath
2. That is, free from taxation

²⁶ Now David had spoken to the men who were standing with him, saying, “What will be done for the man who defeats this Philistine and removes the disgrace from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he defies the battle lines of the living God?”

²⁷ And the troops had spoken to him according to this word, saying, “So it will be done for the man who defeats¹ him.”

1. Or “kills”

²⁸ His oldest brother Eliab heard while he was speaking to the men, ⌞and Eliab became very angry against David⌟¹ and said, “Why have you come down today, and with whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your presumptuousness and the evil of your heart! For you have come down in order to see the battle!”

1. Literally “and the nose of Eliab became hot concerning David”

²⁹ David replied, “What have I done now? ⌞I merely asked a question⌟!¹

1. Literally “Is this not a word?”

³⁰ He turned around from him to another opposite him and ⌞he spoke to him in the same way⌟,¹ and the people² ⌞answered him as before⌟.³

1. Literally “and he said according to this word”
2. Or “troops”
3. Literally “returned to him a word as the first word”

David Appears before Saul

³¹ Now the words which David had spoken were heard and they reported them ⌞to⌟¹ Saul, and he summoned him.

1. Literally “before the face/in the presence of”

³² David said to Saul, “Do not let anyone’s heart fail concerning him! Your servant will go and fight with this Philistine.”

³³ But Saul said to David, “You will not be able to go against this Philistine to fight with him, because you are only a boy, whereas he has been a man of war since his childhood!”

³⁴ And David said to Saul, “Your servant has been a shepherd of the flock for his father. If the lion or the bear would come and carry off a sheep from the group,

³⁵ I would go out after it and strike it down and rescue the sheep from its mouth. If it rose against me, I would grab it by its beard and strike it down and kill it.

³⁶ Your servant has struck down both the lion and the bear, and this uncircumcised Philistine will be like one of them, because he defied the battle lines of the living God.”

³⁷ And David said, “Yahweh, who rescued me from the hand of the lion and from the hand of the bear, will rescue me from the hand of this Philistine!” Then Saul said to David, “Go and may Yahweh be with you!”

³⁸ Then Saul clothed David with his own fighting attire and put a helmet of bronze on his head and clothed him with body armor.

³⁹ Then David strapped on his sword over his fighting attire, but he tried in vain to walk around, for he was not trained to use them. So David said to Saul, “I am not able to walk with these, because I am not trained to use them.” So David removed them.

⁴⁰ Then he took his staff in his hand, picked out for himself five smooth stones from the wadi,¹ and he put them in his shepherd’s bag, in the pouch. And with his sling in his hand, he approached the Philistine.