Laws for Burnt Offerings

¹ Then¹ Yahweh called to Moses and spoke to him from the tent of assembly, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘When a person² from you presents an offering to Yahweh, you shall present your offering from domestic animals, from the cattle³ or from the flock.⁴

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “man”—the singular noun is generic, thus the “you” and “your” in the remainder of the verse are all plural
3. Or “herd”
4. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)

³ If his offering is a burnt offering from the cattle,¹ then he must present² an unblemished male; he must present it at the door of the tent of assembly for his acceptance ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh.

1. Or “herd”
2. Hebrew “present it”
3. Literally “to the face of”

⁴ “ ‘He¹ must lay his hand on the head of the burnt offering and it will be accepted² for him in order to make atonement for him.

1. Or “And he”
2. Same root word as “acceptance” in v. 3

⁵ He¹ must slaughter ⌞the young bull⌟² ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh, then⁴ Aaron’s sons, the priests, will present the blood and sprinkle the blood all around the altar that is at the door of the tent of assembly.

1. Or “And he”
2. Literally “the son of the herd” or “the son of the cattle”
3. Literally “to the face of”
4. Or “and”

⁶ Then¹ he must remove the skin of the burnt offering and cut it into its pieces.

1. Or “And”

⁷ The sons of¹ Aaron the priest will put fire on the altar and arrange the wood on the fire.

1. Or “And the sons of”

⁸ Then¹ Aaron’s sons, the priests, will arrange the pieces of meat,² the head, and the suet on the wood that is on the fire that is on the altar.

1. Or “And”
2. Verse 6 in the context uses the same word with reference to the meat

⁹ Then¹ he must wash its inner parts² and its lower leg bones with water, and the priest will turn into smoke the whole animal on the altar as a burnt offering by fire, as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “entrails”

¹⁰ “ ‘But if his offering is from the flock,¹ from the sheep or from the goats for a burnt offering, he must present² an unblemished³ male.

1. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
2. Hebrew “present it”
3. Same word as in v. 3

¹¹ He¹ must slaughter it on the north side of the altar ⌞before⌟² Yahweh; then³ Aaron’s sons, the priests, will sprinkle its blood all around the altar.

1. Or “And he”
2. Literally “to the face of”
3. Or “and”

¹² Then¹ he must cut it into pieces along with its head and its suet; and the priest will arrange them on the wood that is on the fire that is on the altar.

1. Or “And”

¹³ Then¹ he must wash the inner parts² and the lower leg bones with water and the priest shall present the whole animal and will turn it³ into smoke on the altar; it is a burnt offering by fire as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “entrails”
3. Understood direct object

¹⁴ “ ‘But if his offering for Yahweh is a burnt offering from the birds, then he must present his offering from the turtledoves or from ⌞the young doves⌟.¹

1. Literally “the sons of the dove”

¹⁵ The priest¹ will present it at the altar and must wring off its head and turn it into smoke on the altar, and its blood will be drained out on the wall² of the altar.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Or “side”

¹⁶ He¹ must remove its crop with its plumage and throw it to the east beside the altar on the place of the fatty ashes.

1. Or “And he”

¹⁷ Then¹ he must tear it apart by its wings but must not sever it; then² the priest will turn it into smoke on the altar. It is a burnt offering by fire as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.’ ”

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

Laws for Grain Offerings

¹ “ ‘When a person¹ brings a grain offering to Yahweh, his offering must be finely milled flour, and he must pour out oil on it and place frankincense on it.

1. Or “a soul”

² And he shall bring it to the sons of Aaron, the priests, and he¹ shall take ⌞his handful from its finely milled flour⌟² and from its oil in addition to all its frankincense. The priest³ shall turn its token portion into smoke on the altar as an offering made by fire, as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. That is, the priest—see v. 9
2. Literally “from there his handful from its finely milled flour”
3. Or “And the priest”

³ The remainder¹ of the grain offering ⌞belongs to⌟² Aaron and to his sons—⌞it is a most holy thing⌟³ from the offerings made by fire for⁴ Yahweh.

1. Or “And the remainder”
2. Literally “for”
3. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”
4. Hebrew “of”

⁴ “ ‘But if you bring a grain offering of something oven-baked, it must be of finely milled flour as ring-shaped unleavened bread mixed with oil or wafers of unleavened bread smeared with oil.

⁵ If your offering is a grain offering baked on a¹ flat baking pan, it must be finely milled flour, unleavened bread mixed with oil;

1. Hebrew “the”

⁶ break it into pieces and pour out oil on it; it is a grain offering.

⁷ “ ‘If¹ your offering is a grain offering prepared in a cooking pan, it must be with finely milled flour in oil.

1. Or “And if”

⁸ And you shall bring the grain offering that is made from these things to Yahweh, and the offerer¹ shall bring it to the priest, and he shall bring it to the altar.

1. Changing from 2ms in the first verb to 3ms in the second verb apparently moves from general to specific; NET takes the second verb as an imperative (“Present it”), and NJPS translates it as an indefinite 3ms, making it passive (“it shall be brought”)

⁹ And the priest shall take away from the grain offering its token portion, and he shall turn it into smoke on the altar as an offering made by fire, as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

¹⁰ And the remainder of the grain offering ⌞belongs to⌟¹ Aaron and to his sons—⌞it is a most holy thing⌟² from the offerings made by fire for³ Yahweh.

1. Literally “for”
2. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”
3. Hebrew “of”

¹¹ “ ‘Every grain offering you¹ bring to Yahweh must not be made of yeasted food, because you must not turn into smoke any yeast or any honey from² an offering made by fire for Yahweh.

1. The first time a plural 2m verb has been employed since 1:2
2. Hebrew “from it”

¹² As an offering of the choicest portion, you¹ may bring them to Yahweh, but they must not be offered on the altar as an appeasing fragrance.

1. Another occurrence of the 2mp

¹³ Also all¹ of your grain offerings you must season with salt; you² must not omit the salt of your God’s covenant from your offering.

1. Or “And all”
2. Or “and you”

¹⁴ “ ‘And if you bring to Yahweh a grain offering of firstfruits, you must bring an ear of new grain roasted by fire, coarsely crushed ripe grain, as the grain offering of your firstfruits.

¹⁵ And you shall put oil on it and place frankincense on it; it is a grain offering.

¹⁶ The¹ priest shall turn into smoke its token portion from its coarsely crushed grain together with all of its frankincense—it is an offering made by fire for Yahweh.’ ”

1. Or “And the”

Laws for Fellowship Offerings

¹ “ ‘Now if¹ his offering is a sacrifice of fellowship offering, if he brings it from the cattle,² whether male or female, he must bring it without defect before Yahweh.

1. Or “And if”
2. Or “the herd”

² He¹ must lay his hand on the head of his offering and slaughter it at the entrance of the tent of assembly, and Aaron’s sons shall sprinkle the blood on the altar all around.

1. Or “And he”

³ He shall present¹ from the sacrifice of the fellowship offering an offering made by fire for Yahweh consisting of² the fat covering the inner parts³ and all the fat that is on the inner parts,⁴

1. Or “And he shall present”
2. The Hebrew accusative implies this transition
3. Or “entrails”
4. Or “entrails”

⁴ the two kidneys,¹ and the fat that is on them, which is on the loins, and he must remove the lobe on the liver in addition to the kidneys.

1. Or “and the two kidneys”

⁵ Aaron’s sons shall turn it to smoke on the altar in addition to the burnt offering that is on the wood, which is on the fire; it is an offering made by fire as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

⁶ “ ‘But if his offering for a sacrifice of fellowship offering for Yahweh is from the flock,¹ he must bring a male or a female without defect.

1. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)

⁷ If he brings a sheep as his offering, then¹ he shall present it before Yahweh,

1. Or “and”

⁸ and he shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and he shall slaughter it before the tent of assembly, and Aaron’s sons shall sprinkle its blood on the altar all around.

⁹ He shall present¹ from the sacrifice of the fellowship offering an offering made by fire for Yahweh: he must remove its fat, the entire fat tail near the tailbone, and the fat covering the inner parts² and all the fat that is on the inner parts,³

1. Or “And he shall present”
2. Or “entrails”
3. Or “entrails”

¹⁰ the two kidneys,¹ and the fat that is on them, which is on the loins, and he must remove the lobe on the liver in addition to the kidneys.

1. Or “and the two kidneys”

¹¹ The priest¹ shall turn it into smoke on the altar as a food offering made by fire for Yahweh.

1. Or “And the priest”

¹² “ ‘And¹ if his offering is a goat, then² he shall bring it before Yahweh,

1. Or “But”
2. Or “and”

¹³ and he shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and he shall slaughter it before the tent of assembly, and Aaron’s sons shall sprinkle its blood on the altar all around.

¹⁴ He shall present¹ his offering from it as an offering made by fire for Yahweh: the fat covering the inner parts² and all the fat that is on the inner parts,³

1. Or “And he shall present”
2. Or “entrails”
3. Or “entrails”

¹⁵ the two kidneys,¹ and the fat that is on them, which is on the loins, and he must remove the lobe on the liver in addition to the kidneys.

1. Or “and the two kidneys”

¹⁶ The priest¹ shall turn them into smoke on the altar as a food offering;² all the fat is an offering made by fire as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Compare v. 11

¹⁷ This is¹ a lasting statute for your generations in all your dwellings: you must not eat any fat or any blood.’ ”

1. Understood by context

Laws for Sin Offerings

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘If a person² sins by an unintentional wrong from any of Yahweh’s commands that should not be ⌞violated⌟,³ and he ⌞violates⌟⁴ ⌞any of them⌟⁵—

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “a soul”
3. Literally “done”
4. Literally “does”
5. Literally “from one from them”; see NET

³ if the anointed priest sins, ⌞bringing guilt on the people⌟,¹ then,² concerning the sin that he has ⌞committed⌟,³ he shall bring ⌞a young bull⌟⁴ without defect for Yahweh as a sin offering.

1. Literally “to the guilt of the people”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “sinned”
4. Literally “a bull, a son of cattle”

⁴ He shall bring¹ the bull to the tent of assembly’s entrance before Yahweh, place² his hand on the bull’s head, and slaughter the bull before Yahweh.

1. Or “And he shall bring”
2. Or “And place”

⁵ The anointed priest¹ shall take ⌞some of⌟² the bull’s blood and shall bring it to the tent of assembly,

1. Or “And the anointed priest”
2. Literally “from”

⁶ and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood and shall spatter ⌞some of⌟¹ the blood seven times before Yahweh in front of the sanctuary’s curtain.

1. Literally “from”

⁷ The priest¹ shall put ⌞some of⌟² the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense before Yahweh, which is in the tent of assembly, and all the rest³ of the bull’s blood he must pour out on the base of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the entrance of the tent of assembly.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Literally “from”
3. Implied by the context

⁸ “ ‘He must remove¹ all the fat from the bull of the sin offering: the fat that covers the inner parts² and all of the fat that is on the inner parts,³

1. Or “And he must remove”
2. Or “entrails”
3. Or “entrails”

⁹ the two¹ kidneys and the fat that is on them, and the liver’s lobe that he must remove in addition to the kidneys—

1. Or “and the two”

¹⁰ just as it is removed from the ox of the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice—and the priest shall turn them into smoke on the altar of the burnt offering.

¹¹ But¹ the bull’s skin and its meat, in addition to its head, ⌞its lower leg bones⌟,² its³ inner parts,⁴ and its offal—

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “and in addition to its lower leg bones”
3. Or “and its”
4. Or “entrails”

¹² he shall carry¹ all of the bull ⌞outside the camp⌟² to a ceremonially clean place, to the fatty ashes’ dump, and he shall burn it on wood in the fire; it must be burned up on the fatty ashes’ dump.

1. Or “and he shall carry out”
2. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”

¹³ “ ‘If¹ Israel’s whole assembly did wrong unintentionally and the matter² was concealed from the assembly’s eyes, and they acted³ against ⌞any of⌟⁴ Yahweh’s commands that should not be ⌞violated⌟,⁵ so that⁶ they incur guilt,

1. Or “And if”
2. Or “thing”
3. Or “did”
4. Literally “one from all of”
5. Literally “done”
6. Or “and”

¹⁴ when¹ the sin that they have ⌞committed⌟² against that command³ becomes known, the assembly⁴ shall present ⌞a young bull⌟⁵ as a sin offering, and they shall bring it before the tent of assembly.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “sinned”
3. The 3fs pronominal suffix may refer to “one of Yahweh’s commands”—“one” is also fs
4. Or “and the assembly”
5. Literally “a bull, a son of cattle”

¹⁵ And the elders of the community shall place their hands on the bull’s head before Yahweh, and he¹ shall slaughter the bull before Yahweh.

1. Or “someone”; see NET—the 3ms refers to either one of the elders or the priest

¹⁶ Then the anointed priest shall bring ⌞some of⌟¹ the bull’s blood to the tent of assembly,

1. Literally “from”

¹⁷ and the priest shall dip his finger in¹ the blood and shall spatter it seven times before Yahweh in front of the curtain.

1. Or “from”

¹⁸ He must put¹ ⌞some of⌟² the blood on the altar’s horns before Yahweh ⌞in the tent of assembly⌟,³ and all the rest⁴ of the blood he must pour out on the base of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the tent of assembly’s entrance.

1. Or “And he must put”
2. Literally “from”
3. Literally “which is in the tent of assembly”—the reference is to the altar
4. Indicated by the context

¹⁹ He must remove¹ all its fat from it, and he shall turn it into smoke on the altar.

1. Or “And he must remove”

²⁰ He shall do¹ to the bull ⌞just as⌟² he did to the sin offering’s bull, so he must do to it. The priest³ shall make atonement for them, and ⌞they will be forgiven⌟.⁴

1. Or “And he shall do”
2. Literally “as that”
3. Or “And the priest”
4. Literally “it shall be forgiven to them”

²¹ He shall bring¹ the rest of² the bull ⌞outside the camp⌟,³ and he shall burn it ⌞just as⌟⁴ he burned the first bull; it is the sin offering for the assembly.

1. Or “And he shall bring out”
2. Indicated by the context
3. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”
4. Literally “as that”

²² “ ‘When a leader sins and commits¹ an unintentional wrong against ⌞any of⌟² the commands of Yahweh his God that should not be ⌞violated⌟,³ so that⁴ he incurs guilt,

1. Or “does”
2. Literally “one from all of”
3. Literally “done”
4. Or “and”

²³ or his sin he has ⌞committed⌟¹ is made known to him, he shall bring² ⌞a male goat⌟³ without defect as his offering.

1. Literally “sinned”
2. Or “and he shall bring” or “then he shall bring”
3. Literally “a he-goat of goats a male”

²⁴ He shall place¹ his hand on the he-goat’s head and slaughter it in the place where he slaughtered the burnt offering before Yahweh; it is a sin offering.

1. Or “And he shall place”

²⁵ The priest¹ shall take ⌞some of⌟² the sin offering’s blood with his finger, and he shall put it on the horns of the altar of the burnt offering, and he must pour out the rest of³ its blood on the base of the altar of the burnt offering.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Literally “from”
3. Indicated by context

²⁶ He¹ must turn all of its fat into smoke on the altar like the fat of the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice, and the priest shall make atonement for him ⌞because of⌟² his sin, and ⌞he will be forgiven⌟.³

1. Or “And he”; the antecedent is the priest (cp. vv. 10, 31)
2. Literally “from”
3. Literally “it shall be forgiven to him”

²⁷ “ ‘If¹ ⌞anyone⌟² of the people of the land sins by an unintentional wrong by ⌞violating⌟³ one of Yahweh’s commands that should not be ⌞violated⌟,⁴ so that⁵ he incurs guilt,

1. Or “And if”
2. Literally “a soul one”
3. Literally “doing”
4. Literally “done”
5. Or “and”

²⁸ or his sin he has ⌞committed⌟¹ is made known to him, he shall bring² as his offering ⌞a female goat without defect⌟³ as his offering for his sin that he ⌞committed⌟.⁴

1. Literally “sinned”
2. Or “and he shall bring” or “then he shall bring”
3. Literally “a she-goat of goats without defect a female”
4. Literally “sinned”

²⁹ He shall place¹ his hand on the sin offering’s head and slaughter the sin offering in the place of the burnt offering.

1. Or “And he shall place”

³⁰ The priest¹ shall take ⌞some of⌟² its blood with his finger, and he shall put it on the horns of the altar of the burnt offering, and he must pour out all the rest of³ its blood on the altar’s base.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Literally “from”
3. Indicated by context

³¹ He¹ must remove all of its fat ⌞just as⌟² the fat was removed from³ the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice, and the priest shall turn it into smoke on the altar as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh. The priest⁴ shall make atonement for him, and ⌞he will be forgiven⌟.⁵

1. Or “And he”
2. Literally “as that”
3. Or “from on” or “from upon”
4. Or “And the priest”
5. Literally “it shall be forgiven to him”

³² “ ‘But¹ if he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he must bring a female without defect.

1. Or “And”

³³ He shall place¹ his hand on the sin offering’s head, and he shall slaughter it as a sin offering in the place where he slaughtered the burnt offering.

1. Or “And he shall place”

³⁴ The priest¹ shall take ⌞some of⌟² the sin offering’s blood with his finger, and he shall put it on the horns of the altar of the burnt offering, and he must pour out all the rest³ of its blood on the altar’s base.

1. Or “And the priest”
2. Literally “from”
3. Indicated by context

³⁵ He must remove¹ all of its fat ⌞just as⌟² the lamb’s fat from the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice was removed, and the priest shall turn them into smoke on the altar upon Yahweh’s offerings made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him because of³ his sin that he ⌞committed⌟,⁴ and ⌞he will be forgiven⌟.’ ”⁵

1. Or “And he must remove”
2. Literally “as that”
3. Or “for”
4. Literally “sinned”
5. Literally “it will be forgiven to him”

More Laws Regarding Sin Offerings

¹ “ ‘When a person¹ sins in that² he hears the utterance of a curse and he is a witness or he sees or he knows, if he does not make it known, then³ he shall bear his guilt.

1. Or “a soul”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”

² Or if a person¹ touches anything unclean, ⌞whether⌟² an unclean wild³ animal’s dead body or an unclean domestic animal’s dead body or an unclean swarmer’s dead body, but⁴ ⌞he is unaware of it⌟,⁵ he is unclean and he is guilty.

1. Or “a soul”
2. Literally “or”
3. Implied by the following phrase specifying domestic animals
4. Or “and”
5. Literally “it is concealed from him”

³ Or when he touches human uncleanness, ⌞namely⌟¹ any uncleanness of his by which he might become unclean, but² ⌞he is unaware of it⌟,³ and he himself finds out, then⁴ he will be guilty.

1. Literally “for” or “to” (see HALOT 510)
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “it is concealed from him”
4. Or “and”

⁴ Or when a person¹ swears, speaking thoughtlessly with his lips, to do evil or to do good ⌞with regard to⌟² anything that ⌞the person⌟³ in a sworn oath speaks thoughtlessly, but⁴ ⌞he is unaware of it⌟,⁵ he will be guilty ⌞in any of⌟⁶ these.

1. Or “a soul”
2. Literally “for” or “to” (see HALOT 510)
3. Literally “the man”
4. Or “and”
5. Literally “it is concealed from him”
6. Literally “for one of”

⁵ When he becomes guilty ⌞in any of⌟¹ these, he shall confess² what he has sinned ⌞regarding⌟³ it,

1. Literally “for one of”
2. Or “and he shall confess”
3. Literally “upon” or “against”

⁶ and he shall bring his guilt offering to¹ Yahweh for his sin that he has ⌞committed⌟:² a female from the flock,³ a ewe-lamb or ⌞a she-goat⌟,⁴ as a sin offering, and the priest shall make atonement for him for⁵ his sin.

1. Or “for”
2. Literally “sinned”
3. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
4. Literally “a she-goat of goats”
5. Hebrew “from”

⁷ “ ‘If¹ ⌞he cannot afford a sheep⌟,² he shall bring as his guilt offering for what he sinned two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟³ for Yahweh, one for a sin offering and one for a burnt offering.

1. Or “And if”
2. Literally “his hand does not touch enough of small livestock”
3. Literally “sons of dove” or “children of dove”

⁸ He shall bring¹ them to the priest, and he shall present that which is for the sin offering first, and the priest² shall wring its head off ⌞at the back of its neck⌟,³ but⁴ he must not sever it,

1. Or “And he shall bring”
2. Required by the previous action (see NET)
3. Literally “from opposite its neck”
4. Or “and”

⁹ and he shall spatter ⌞some of⌟¹ the sin offering’s blood on the altar’s side, and the leftover blood must be drained out on the altar’s base; it is a sin offering.

1. Literally “from”

¹⁰ The second¹ bird he must prepare as a burnt offering according to the regulation, and the priest shall make atonement for him for his sin that he has ⌞committed⌟,² and he shall be forgiven.

1. Or “And the second”
2. Literally “sinned”

¹¹ “ ‘But¹ if ⌞he cannot afford⌟² two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟,³ then,⁴ because he has sinned, he shall bring as his offering a tenth of an⁵ ephah of finely milled flour as a sin offering. He must not put⁶ oil on it, nor should he put frankincense on it, because it is a sin offering.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “his hand cannot produce for”
3. Literally “sons of dove” or “children of dove”
4. Or “and”
5. Hebrew “the”
6. Or “And he must not put”

¹² He shall bring¹ it to the priest, and the priest ⌞shall take a handful of it⌟² for its token portion, and he shall turn it to smoke on the altar ⌞in addition to⌟³ the offerings made by fire to Yahweh; it is a sin offering.

1. Or “And he shall bring”
2. Literally “shall scoop up from it the fullness of his handful”
3. Literally “on” or “upon”

¹³ Thus¹ the priest shall make atonement for him because of the sin that he has ⌞committed⌟² ⌞in any of these⌟,³ and he shall be forgiven. It shall be⁴ for the priest, like the grain offering.’ ”

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sinned”
3. Literally “from one from these”
4. Or “And it shall be”

Laws for Guilt Offerings

¹⁴ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

¹⁵ “When a person¹ ⌞displays infidelity⌟² and he sins in an unintentional wrong ⌞in any of⌟³ Yahweh’s holy things, then⁴ he shall bring his guilt offering to⁵ Yahweh: a ram without defect from the flock⁶ as a guilt offering by your valuation in silver shekels⁷ according to the sanctuary shekel.

1. Or “a soul”
2. Literally “acts unfaithfully infidelity” or “is unfaithful in unfaithfulness”
3. Literally “from”
4. Or “and”
5. Or “for”
6. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
7. Or “convertible into silver shekels” (NET, NRSV, TNK), “of the proper value in silver” (NIV; cp. ESV “valued in silver shekels,” CSB), or “or you may buy one of equal value with silver” (NLT)

¹⁶ And he shall make restitution for what he sinned ⌞because of⌟¹ a holy thing and shall add one-fifth of ⌞its value⌟² onto it and shall give it to the priest. The priest³ shall make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering, and he will be forgiven.

1. Literally “from” (see HALOT 598)
2. Literally “it”
3. Or “And the priest”

¹⁷ “If¹ a person² when he sins ⌞violates⌟³ one from all of Yahweh’s commands that should not ⌞be violated⌟,⁴ but⁵ he did not know, then⁶ he is guilty and he shall bear his guilt.

1. Or “And if”
2. Or “a soul”
3. Literally “and she/it does”
4. Literally “they are to be done”
5. Or “and”
6. Or “and”

¹⁸ He shall bring¹ to the priest a ram without defect from the flock² as a guilt offering by your valuation, and the priest shall make atonement for him because of his unintentional wrong (although³ he himself did not know), and he will be forgiven.

1. Or “And he shall bring”
2. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
3. Or “and”

¹⁹ It is a guilt offering; he certainly was guilty before Yahweh.”

Additional Laws for Burnt Offerings

^{1 1} Then² Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Leviticus 6:1–30 in the English Bible is 5:20–6:23 in the Hebrew Bible
2. Or “And”

² “When a person¹ ⌞displays infidelity⌟² against Yahweh and he deceives his fellow citizen regarding³ something entrusted or ⌞a pledge⌟⁴ or stealing or he exploits his fellow citizen,

1. Or “a soul”
2. Literally “acts unfaithfully infidelity” or “is unfaithful in unfaithfulness”
3. Literally “in”
4. Literally “a pledge of a hand”

³ or he finds lost property and lies about it and swears ⌞falsely⌟¹ ⌞in regard to⌟² any one of these things by which ⌞a person⌟³ might commit sin,

1. Literally “in accordance with deception”
2. Literally “on” or “upon”
3. Literally “the man”

⁴ ⌞and when⌟¹ he sins and is guilty, then² he shall bring back ⌞the things he had stolen⌟³ or ⌞what he had extorted⌟⁴ or ⌞something with which he had been entrusted⌟⁵ or the lost property that he had found,

1. Literally “and it will be when”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “the robbed things that he had stolen”
4. Literally “the extortion that he had extorted”
5. Literally “something entrusted that had been entrusted to him”

⁵ or ⌞regarding⌟¹ anything about which he has sworn ⌞falsely⌟,² then³ he shall repay it ⌞according to⌟⁴ its value and shall add one-fifth of its value to it—he must give it ⌞to whom it belongs⌟⁵ on the day of his guilt offering.

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “in accordance with deception”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “in”
5. Literally “to whom it is to him”

⁶ And he must bring as his guilt offering to Yahweh a ram without defect from the flock¹ by your valuation² as a guilt offering to the priest,

1. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
2. See 5:15 and 18

⁷ and the priest shall make atonement for him ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh, and he shall be forgiven ⌞anything⌟² from all that he might do ⌞by which he might incur guilt⌟.”³

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “one”
3. Literally “which he might do for incurring guilt by it”

⁸ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

⁹ “Command Aaron and his sons, saying, ‘This is the regulation of the burnt offering: ⌞The burnt offering must remain on the hearth⌟¹ on the altar all night until the morning, and the altar’s fire must be kept burning on it.

1. Literally “It shall be the burnt offering on a hearth”

¹⁰ And the priest shall put on his linen robe, and he must put his linen undergarments on his body, and he shall take away the fatty ashes of the burnt offering that the fire has consumed on the altar, and he shall place them¹ beside the altar.

1. Hebrew “him/it”—plural required by the English “fatty ashes”

¹¹ And he shall take off his garments and put on other garments, and he shall bring out the fatty ashes ⌞outside the camp⌟¹ to a ceremonially clean place,

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”

¹² but¹ the fire on the altar must be kept burning on it; it must not be quenched. And the priest must burn wood ⌞every morning⌟² on it,³ and he shall arrange the burnt offering on it,⁴ and he shall turn into smoke the fat portions of the fellowship offerings on it.⁵

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “in the morning in the morning”
3. Antecedent for this 3fs suffix is “fire” (“altar” is ms)
4. Antecedent for this 3fs suffix is “fire” (“altar” is ms)
5. Antecedent for this 3fs suffix is “fire” (“altar” is ms)

¹³ A perpetual fire must be kept burning on the altar; it must not be quenched.

Additional Laws for Grain Offerings

¹⁴ “ ‘And this is the regulation of the grain offering. Aaron’s sons shall present it ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh ⌞in front of⌟² the altar,

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁵ and he¹ in his fist shall take away from it ⌞some of⌟² the grain offering’s finely milled flour, and ⌞some of⌟³ its oil and all of the frankincense that is on the grain offering, and he shall turn into smoke its token portion on the altar as an appeasing fragrance to Yahweh.

1. That is, the priest; understood by context and 3ms verb
2. Literally “from”
3. Literally “from”

¹⁶ And Aaron and his sons must eat the remainder of it; they must eat it as unleavened bread in a holy place—in the tent of assembly’s courtyard they must eat it.

¹⁷ It must not be baked with yeast. I have given it as their share from my offerings made by fire. It is ⌞a most holy thing⌟,¹ like the sin offering and like the guilt offering.

1. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

¹⁸ Every male among Aaron’s sons may eat it as a lasting rule among your generations from the offerings made by fire ⌞belonging to⌟¹ Yahweh. Anything that² touches them will become holy.’ ”

1. Literally “of”
2. Or “Everyone who”

¹⁹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁰ “This is the offering of Aaron and his sons that they shall present to Yahweh on the day of his being anointed: a tenth of an¹ ephah of finely milled flour as a perpetual grain offering, half of it in the morning and half of it in the evening.

1. Hebrew “the”

²¹ It must be made¹ in² oil on a flat baking pan; you³ must bring it well-mixed; you must present pieces of a grain offering’s baked goods⁴ as an appeasing fragrance to Yahweh.

1. Or “prepared”
2. Or “with”
3. Singular masculine
4. Or “broken bits” (JPS, NET, NIV)

²² And the anointed priest taking his place from among his sons must do it. As a lasting rule, it must be turned into smoke totally for Yahweh.

²³ And every grain offering of a priest must be a whole burnt offering; it must not be eaten.”

Additional Laws for Sin Offerings

²⁴ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁵ “Speak to Aaron and his sons, saying, ‘This is the regulation of the sin offering: In the place where the sin offering is slaughtered, the sin offering must be slaughtered ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh; it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟.²

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

²⁶ The priest ⌞who offers the sin offering⌟¹ must eat it in a holy place—in the tent of assembly’s courtyard.

1. Literally “one who offers it a sin offering”

²⁷ Anything that¹ touches its flesh will become holy, and when ⌞some of⌟² its blood spatters on a³ garment, what was spattered on it you⁴ shall wash in a holy place.

1. Or “Everyone who”
2. Literally “from”
3. Hebrew “the”
4. Singular masculine

²⁸ And a clay vessel in which it was boiled must be broken, but¹ if it was boiled in a bronze vessel, then² it shall be thoroughly scoured and rinsed with water.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”

²⁹ Any male among the priests may eat it; it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟.¹

1. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

³⁰ But¹ any sin offering from which ⌞some of⌟² its blood is brought to the tent of assembly to make atonement in the sanctuary must not be eaten; it must be burned in the fire.’ ”

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”

Additional Laws for Guilt Offerings

¹ “ ‘And this is the regulation of the guilt offering; it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟.¹

1. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

² In the place where they slaughter the burnt offering,¹ they must slaughter the guilt offering,² and he³ must sprinkle its blood upon the altar all around.

1. Or, taking the verb as an indefinite (thus passive) imperfect 3mp, “the sin offering is slaughtered”
2. Or, taking the verb as an indefinite (thus passive) imperfect 3mp, “the guilt offering must be slaughtered”
3. That is, the priest; understood by context and 3ms verb

³ And he must present all of its fat:¹ the fat tail and the fat that covers the inner parts,²

1. Hebrew “all of its fat from it”
2. Or “entrails”

⁴ and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is on the loins, and he must remove the lobe on the liver in addition to the kidneys.

⁵ And the priest shall turn it into smoke it on the altar as a food offering made by fire for Yahweh; it is a guilt offering.

⁶ Every male among the priests may eat it; it must be eaten in a holy place; it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟.¹

1. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

⁷ The instruction is ⌞the same for the guilt offering as for the sin offering⌟;¹ ⌞it belongs to⌟² the priest, who makes atonement with it.

1. Literally “as the sin offering as the guilt offering one for them”
2. Literally “for him it shall be” or “it will become his”

Portions for the Priests

⁸ “ ‘And¹ the priest who presents ⌞a person’s⌟² burnt offering, to that³ priest ⌞belongs⌟⁴ the skin of the burnt offering that he presented.

1. Or “As for”
2. Literally “of a man”
3. Hebrew “the”
4. Literally “to/for him it shall be”

⁹ And every grain offering that is baked in the oven and all that is prepared in a¹ cooking pan or² on a flat baking pan ⌞belongs to⌟³ the priest who presented it.

1. Hebrew “the”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “for him it shall be” or “it will become his”

¹⁰ And every grain offering, whether mixed with oil or dry, shall be for all of Aaron’s sons ⌞equally⌟.¹

1. Literally “each as his brother”

Additional Laws for Fellowship Offerings

¹¹ “ ‘And this is the regulation of the fellowship offerings that he must present to Yahweh:

¹² If he presents it for thanksgiving, in addition to the thanksgiving sacrifice he shall present ring-shaped unleavened bread mixed with oil and unleavened bread wafers smeared with oil and well-mixed ring-shaped bread cakes of finely milled flour mixed with oil.

¹³ In addition to ring-shaped cakes of bread with yeast, he must present his grain¹ offering together with² his sacrifice of thanksgiving peace offerings.

1. Implied by v. 12
2. Or “in addition to”

¹⁴ And he shall present one of each kind of grain¹ offering as a contribution for Yahweh; ⌞it belongs to⌟² the priest who sprinkles the fellowship offerings’ blood.

1. Implied by v. 12
2. Literally “for him it shall be” or “it will become his”

¹⁵ And the meat of the sacrifice of his thanksgiving fellowship offerings must be eaten on the day of his offering; he must not leave it until morning.

¹⁶ “ ‘But¹ if his sacrifice is for a vow or as a freewill offering, it must be eaten on the day of his presenting his sacrifice, and on the next day the remainder² from it may be eaten,

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and the remainder”

¹⁷ but¹ the remainder from the sacrifice’s meat must be burned up in the fire on the third day.

1. Or “and”

¹⁸ And if indeed some of the meat of his fellowship offerings’ sacrifice is eaten on the third day, it will not be accepted; it will not be considered of benefit for the one who presented it—it shall be unclean meat, and the person¹ who eats it shall bear his guilt.

1. Or “soul”

¹⁹ And the meat that touches anything unclean must not be eaten; it must be burned with fire, and as for the clean¹ meat, anyone who is clean may eat the meat.

1. Understood by context

²⁰ And the person¹ who eats meat from the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice, which is for Yahweh, and whose uncleanness is upon him—that person² shall be cut off from his people.

1. Or “the soul”
2. Or “the soul”

²¹ And when a person¹ touches anything unclean, whether human uncleanness or an unclean animal or any unclean detestable thing, and he eats from the meat of the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice, which is for Yahweh, then² that person³ shall be cut off from his people.’ ”

1. Or “a soul”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “the soul”

Instructions for the People

²² Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²³ “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘You² must not eat any fat of ox, or³ sheep, or⁴ goat;

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Plural
3. Or “and”
4. Or “and”

²⁴ and a dead body’s fat or¹ mangled carcass’s fat may be used for any ⌞purpose⌟,² but³ you⁴ certainly must not eat it.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “work”
3. Or “and”
4. Plural

²⁵ When anyone eats fat from the domestic animal from which he presented an offering made by fire for Yahweh, then¹ that person² who ate shall be cut off from his people.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “the soul”

²⁶ And in any of your¹ dwellings, you must not eat any blood ⌞belonging to⌟² birds³ or⁴ domestic animals.⁵

1. Plural
2. Literally “to/of”
3. Hebrew “the bird”; generic article with a collective noun
4. Or “and”
5. Hebrew “the domestic animal”; generic article with a collective noun

²⁷ Any person¹ who eats any blood, that person² shall be cut off from his people.’ ”

1. Or “any soul” or “all soul(s)”
2. Or “and that soul”

Portions of Fellowship Offerings for Priests

²⁸ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁹ “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘The one who presents his fellowship offerings’ sacrifice for Yahweh shall bring his offering to Yahweh from his fellowship offerings’ sacrifice.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³⁰ His own hands must bring Yahweh’s offerings made by fire. He must bring the fat in addition to the breast section to wave the breast section as a wave offering before Yahweh,

³¹ and the priest shall turn the fat into smoke on the altar, and the breast section shall be for Aaron and his¹ sons.

1. Hebrew “for his”

³² And the right upper thigh you¹ must give as a contribution for the priest from your² fellowship offerings’ sacrifice.

1. Plural
2. Plural

³³ As for the one from Aaron’s sons who presents the blood of the fellowship offerings and the fat, the right upper thigh ⌞shall belong to him⌟¹ as his share,

1. Literally “for him it shall be”

³⁴ because I have taken the wave offering’s breast section and the contribution offering’s upper thigh from the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ out of their fellowship offerings’ sacrifices, and I have given them to Aaron the priest and his² sons from the ⌞Israelites⌟³ as a lasting rule.’ ”

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Hebrew “to his”
3. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³⁵ This is Aaron’s allotted portion and his sons’ allotted portion from Yahweh’s offerings made by fire ⌞when⌟¹ he brought them forward to serve as priests for Yahweh.

1. Literally “in a day”

³⁶ This is what Yahweh commanded to give them from the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ on the day of his anointing them; it is a lasting statute for their generations.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

Concluding Summary Concerning the Offerings

³⁷ This is the regulation for the burnt offering, for the grain offering and for the sin offering and for the guilt offering and for the consecration offering and for the fellowship offerings’ sacrifice,

³⁸ which Yahweh commanded Moses on ⌞Mount Sinai⌟¹ on the day of his commanding the ⌞Israelites⌟² to present their offerings to Yahweh in the desert of Sinai.

1. Literally “the mountain of Sinai”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

Installing the Priests

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments and the anointing oil and the bull of the sin offering and the two rams and the basket of the unleavened bread,

³ and summon all of the community to the entrance to¹ the tent of assembly.”

1. Or “of”

⁴ So¹ Moses did just as Yahweh commanded him, and the community gathered by the entrance to² the tent of assembly.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “of”

⁵ Then¹ Moses said to the community, “This is the word that Yahweh has commanded to be done.”²

1. Or “And”
2. Or “to do” or “me to do”

⁶ So¹ Moses brought Aaron and his sons near, and he washed them with water.

1. Or “And”

⁷ Then¹ he put the tunic on him and tied² the sash around him; then³ he clothed him with the robe and put⁴ the ephod on him; then⁵ he tied the ephod’s waistband around him and fastened⁶ the ephod⁷ to him with it.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “he tied”
3. Or “and”
4. Or “he put”
5. Or “and”
6. Or “he fastened”
7. Understood by context

⁸ Then¹ he placed the breastpiece on him and put² the Urim and the Thummim into the breastpiece;

1. Or “And”
2. Or “he put”

⁹ and he placed the turban on his head, and on ⌞the front of⌟¹ the turban he placed the gold rosette, the holy diadem, just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Literally “to the front of his faces”

¹⁰ Then¹ Moses took the anointing oil and anointed² the tabernacle and all that was in it, and he consecrated them.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “he anointed”

¹¹ And he spattered ⌞part of⌟¹ it on the altar seven times—thus² he anointed the altar and all of its utensils, and the basin and its stand, to consecrate them.

1. Literally “from”
2. Or “and”

¹² Then¹ he poured out ⌞part of⌟² the anointing oil on Aaron’s head—thus³ he anointed him in order to consecrate him.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”
3. Or “and”

¹³ Then¹ Moses brought Aaron’s sons near and clothed² them with tunics and tied³ a sash around ⌞each one⌟,⁴ and he bound headbands on⁵ them, just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “he clothed”
3. Or “he tied”
4. Literally “them”
5. Or “to”

The Offerings for Consecration

¹⁴ Then¹ he brought forth the bull of the sin offering, and Aaron and his sons placed their hands on the head of the bull of the sin offering,

1. Or “And”

¹⁵ and he slaughtered it, and Moses took the blood and put¹ it with his finger on the altar’s horns all around and purified the altar; then² he poured the blood out on the altar’s base—thus³ he consecrated it in order to make atonement for it.⁴

1. Or “he put”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. Or “to make atonement upon it” (see NET, Tanakh)

¹⁶ Then¹ he took all the fat that was on the inner parts² and the lobe on the liver and the two kidneys and their fat, and Moses turned them into smoke on the altar,

1. Or “And”
2. Or “entrails”

¹⁷ but¹ he burned the bull and its skin and its meat and its offal in the fire ⌞outside the camp⌟,² just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “from an outside place of the camp”

¹⁸ Then¹ he brought the ram of the burnt offering near, and Aaron and his sons placed their hands on the ram’s head,

1. Or “And”

¹⁹ and he slaughtered it. Then¹ Moses sprinkled the blood on the altar all around.

1. Or “And”

²⁰ Then¹ he cut the ram into pieces, and Moses turned into smoke the head and the pieces and the suet,

1. Or “And”

²¹ but¹ he washed the inner parts² and the lower leg bones with water, and Moses turned into smoke all of the ram on the altar; it was a burnt offering as an appeasing fragrance, an offering made by fire for³ Yahweh, just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “entrails”
3. Or “to”

²² Then¹ he brought the second ram near, the ram of the consecration, and Aaron and his sons placed their hands on the ram’s head,

1. Or “And”

²³ and he slaughtered it. Then¹ Moses took ⌞some of⌟² its blood and put³ it on Aaron’s right ear lobe and on his right hand’s thumb and on his right foot’s big toe.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”
3. Or “he put”

²⁴ Then¹ he brought Aaron’s sons near, and Moses put ⌞some of⌟² the blood on their right ear lobe and on their right hand’s thumb and on their right foot’s big toe, and Moses sprinkled the blood on the altar all around.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”

²⁵ Then¹ he took the fat and the fat tail and all of the fat that was on the inner parts² and the lobe of the liver and the two kidneys and their fat and the right upper thigh;

1. Or “And”
2. Or “entrails”

²⁶ and from the basket of the unleavened bread that was before Yahweh he took one ring-shaped unleavened bread and one ring-shaped bread with¹ oil and one wafer, and he placed them on the ⌞fat parts⌟² and on the right upper thigh.

1. Or “of”
2. Literally “fats”

²⁷ Then¹ he put ⌞all of these⌟² on Aaron’s palms and on his sons’ palms, and he waved them as a wave offering ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “the all”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁸ Then¹ Moses took them from upon their palms, and he turned them into smoke upon the burnt offering on the altar; they were a consecration offering as an appeasing fragrance—it was an offering made by fire for² Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “to”

²⁹ Then¹ Moses took the breast section, and he waved it as a wave offering ⌞before⌟² Yahweh from the ram of the consecration offering; it was Moses’ share, just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

Anointing the Priests and Their Garments

³⁰ Then¹ Moses took ⌞some of⌟² the anointing oil and ⌞some of⌟³ the blood that was on the altar, and he spattered them on Aaron, on his garments, and on Aaron’s sons and on his sons’ garments with him—thus⁴ he consecrated Aaron, his garments, and his sons and his sons’ garments with him.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”
3. Literally “from”
4. Or “and”

³¹ Then¹ Moses said to Aaron and to his sons, “Boil the meat in the entrance to² the tent of assembly, and there you must eat it and the bread that is in the basket of the consecration offering, just as I have commanded, saying, ‘Aaron and his sons must eat it,’

1. Or “And”
2. Or “of”

³² but¹ the remainder of the meat and the bread you² must burn in the fire.

1. Or “and”
2. Plural

³³ And you must not go out from the entrance to¹ the tent of assembly for seven days, until the day of fulfilling the days of your² consecration, because ⌞it will take seven days to ordain you⌟.³

1. Or “of”
2. Plural
3. Literally “seven of days it will fill your (plural) hand”

³⁴ Just as was done¹ on this day, Yahweh commanded to be done² in order to make atonement for you.³

1. Or “he did”
2. Or “to do”
3. Plural

³⁵ And you¹ must stay at the entrance to² the tent of assembly day and night for seven days, and you³ shall keep the obligation from⁴ Yahweh, so you⁵ might not die, for thus I have been commanded.”

1. Plural
2. Or “of”
3. Plural
4. Or “of”
5. Plural

³⁶ So¹ Aaron and his sons did all the things that Yahweh had commanded ⌞through⌟² Moses.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “by the hand of”

Worship at the Tent of Assembly

¹ Then¹ on the eighth day Moses summoned Aaron and his sons and Israel’s elders,

1. Or “And it happened”

² and he said to Aaron, “Take for yourself ⌞a bull calf⌟¹ as a sin offering and a ram as a burnt offering, without defect,² and present them ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh.

1. Literally “a bull-calf a son of cattle” or “a bull-calf a son of the herd”
2. An adjective in masculine plural to modify both animals; see NET
3. Literally “to the faces of”

³ Then¹ you² must speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,³ saying, ‘Take ⌞a he-goat⌟⁴ as a sin offering and a bull calf and a male sheep, ⌞yearlings⌟⁵ without defect,⁶ as a burnt offering,

1. Or “And”
2. Singular
3. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
4. Literally “a he-goat of goats”
5. Literally “sons of a year”
6. An adjective in masculine plural to modify both animals; see NET

⁴ and an ox and a ram as fellowship offerings to sacrifice ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh, and a grain offering mixed with oil, because today Yahweh will appear to you.”²

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Plural

⁵ So¹ they took what Moses had commanded to the ⌞front of⌟² the tent of assembly, and the whole community presented themselves, and they stood ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

⁶ Then¹ Moses said, “This is the word that Yahweh commanded you² to do ⌞so that⌟³ the glory of Yahweh might appear to you.”⁴

1. Or “And”
2. Plural
3. Or “and”
4. Plural

⁷ Then¹ Moses said to Aaron, “Approach² the altar and ⌞sacrifice⌟³ your sin offering and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself and for the people. And ⌞sacrifice⌟⁴ the people’s offering and make atonement for them, just as Yahweh has commanded.”

1. Or “And”
2. Or “Draw near unto”
3. Literally “do” or “make”
4. Literally “do” or “make”

⁸ Then¹ Aaron approached² the altar, and he slaughtered the bull calf of the sin offering, which was for himself.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “drew near unto”

⁹ Then¹ Aaron’s sons presented the blood to him, and he dipped his finger in the blood, and he put it on the altar’s horns, and he poured out the blood on the altar’s base.

1. Or “And”

¹⁰ And the fat and the kidneys and the lobe ⌞from the sin offering’s liver⌟¹ he turned into smoke on the altar, just as Yahweh had commanded Moses,

1. Literally “from the liver from the sin offering”

¹¹ but¹ the meat and the skin he burned ⌞with fire⌟² ⌞outside the camp⌟.³

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “in the fire”
3. Literally “from an outside place to/of the camp”

¹² Then¹ he slaughtered the burnt offering, and Aaron’s sons brought the blood to him, and he sprinkled it on the altar all around;

1. Or “And”

¹³ and they brought the burnt offering to him by its pieces, as well as¹ the head, and he turned them into smoke on the altar;

1. Or “and”

¹⁴ and he washed the inner parts¹ and the lower leg bones, then² he turned them into smoke upon the burnt offering on the altar.

1. Or “entrails”
2. Or “and”

¹⁵ Then¹ he presented the people’s offering, and he took the goat of the sin offering, which was for the people, and he slaughtered it and offered² it as a sin offering like the first one.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “he offered”

¹⁶ Then¹ he presented the burnt offering, and he ⌞sacrificed⌟² it according to the regulation.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “did” or “made”

¹⁷ Then¹ he presented the grain offering, and he filled his palm ⌞with some of⌟² it, and he turned it into smoke on the altar besides the morning’s burnt offering.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”

¹⁸ Then¹ he slaughtered the ox and the ram, the fellowship offerings that are for the people, and Aaron’s sons brought the blood to him, and he sprinkled it on the altar all around.

1. Or “And”

¹⁹ And as for the fat portions from the ox and from the ram (the fat tail and the layer of fat and the kidneys and the lobe of the liver),

²⁰ they placed the fat portions on the breast sections, and he turned the fat portions into smoke on the altar.

²¹ Then¹ Aaron waved the breast sections and the right upper thigh as a wave offering ⌞before⌟² Yahweh, just as Moses had commanded.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

²² Then¹ Aaron lifted his hand toward² the people, and he blessed them, and he came down ⌞after⌟³ ⌞sacrificing⌟⁴ the sin offering and the burnt offering and the fellowship offerings.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “to”
3. Literally “from”
4. Literally “doing” or “making”

²³ Then¹ Moses and Aaron entered the tent of assembly. When² they came out, they blessed³ the people, and Yahweh’s glory appeared to all the people.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “And”
3. Or “and they blessed”

²⁴ Then¹ a fire went out ⌞from before⌟² Yahweh, and it consumed the burnt offering and the fat portions on the altar. And all the people saw it, so³ they shouted for joy, and they fell on their faces.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from to the faces of”
3. Or “and”

The Deaths of Nadab and Abihu

¹ And Aaron’s sons Nadab and Abihu each took his censer, and they put fire in them and placed incense on it;¹ then² they presented ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh illegitimate fire, which he had not commanded them.

1. That is, the fire
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

² So¹ fire went out ⌞from before⌟² Yahweh, and it consumed them so that³ they died ⌞before⌟⁴ Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from to the faces of”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “to the faces of”

³ Therefore¹ Moses said to Aaron, “This is what Yahweh spoke, saying, ‘Among those who are close to me I will show myself holy, and ⌞in the presence of⌟² all the people I will display my glory.’ ”³ So⁴ Aaron was silent.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “upon the faces of”
3. Or “I will be glorified”
4. Or “And”

⁴ Then¹ Moses summoned Mishael and Elzaphan the sons of Uzziel, Aaron’s uncle, and he said to them, “Come forward.² Carry your brothers from ⌞the front of⌟³ the sanctuary to ⌞outside the camp⌟.”⁴

1. Or “And”
2. Or “Come near” or “Approach”
3. Literally “the faces of”
4. Literally “from an outside place of the camp”

⁵ So¹ they came forward,² and they carried them ⌞outside the camp⌟³ in their tunics, just as Moses had ordered.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “came near” or “approached”
3. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”

⁶ Then¹ Moses said to Aaron and to his sons Eleazar and Ithamar, “You must not let your hair hang loosely, and you must not tear your garments, so that² you will not die and he³ will be angry with all the community. But⁴ your brothers, all the house of Israel, may weep because of ⌞the burning that Yahweh caused⌟,⁵

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. That is, God
4. Or “And”
5. Literally “the burning that Yahweh burned”

⁷ but¹ you must not go out from the entrance to² the tent of assembly lest you die, because Yahweh’s anointing oil is on you.” So³ they did according to Moses’ word.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “of”
3. Or “And”

Lasting Statutes

⁸ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Aaron, saying,

1. Or “And”

⁹ “You and your sons with you may not drink wine or¹ strong drink when you come to the tent of assembly, so that² you will not die—it is a lasting statute for your³ generations—

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Plural

¹⁰ and to distinguish between the holy and the unholy,¹ as well as² between the unclean and the clean,

1. Or “the common”
2. Or “and”

¹¹ and to teach the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ all the rules that Yahweh has spoken to them ⌞through⌟² Moses.”

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “by the hand of”

¹² Then¹ Moses spoke to Aaron and to his sons Eleazar and Ithamar, “As for the remaining parts,² take the remainder of the grain offering from Yahweh’s offerings made by fire and eat it, the unleavened bread, beside the altar, because it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟.³

1. Or “And”
2. Implied by plural form of noun and the immediate context
3. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”

¹³ And you shall eat it in a holy place, because it is your allotted portion and the allotted portion of your sons from Yahweh’s offerings made by fire, for so I have been commanded.

¹⁴ And the wave offering’s breast section and the upper thigh of the contribution offering you¹ must eat in a clean place, you and your sons and your daughters with you, because they are given as your allotted portion and your sons’ allotted portion from the sacrifices of the ⌞Israelites⌟’² fellowship offerings.

1. Plural
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

¹⁵ They must bring the thigh of the contribution offering and the breast section of the wave offering in addition to the offerings made by fire, consisting of the fat portions, to wave as a wave offering ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh; and it will be for you and for your sons with you as a lasting rule, just as Yahweh had commanded.”

1. Literally “to the faces of”

The Problem of the Uneaten Sin Offering

¹⁶ Then¹ Moses sought all over for the goat of the sin offering and behold, it was burned up. So² he was angry with Aaron’s remaining sons Eleazar and Ithamar, saying,

1. Or “And”
2. Or “And”

¹⁷ “Why did you not eat the sin offering on the sanctuary’s site, because it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟?¹ And he gave it to you to remove the community’s guilt, to make atonement for them ⌞before⌟² Yahweh.

1. Literally “a holiness of holinesses”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁸ Look, its blood was not brought ⌞inside the sanctuary⌟.¹ Certainly you should have eaten it in the sanctuary, as I commanded.”

1. Or “to the sanctuary inside” or “to the sanctuary within”

¹⁹ So¹ Aaron said to Moses, “Look, today they presented their sin offering and their burnt offering ⌞before⌟² Yahweh, and things such as these have happened to me, and if I were to eat a sin offering today, would it have been good in Yahweh’s eyes?”

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁰ When¹ Moses heard, it² was good in his eyes.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and it”

Clean and Unclean Animals

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘These are the animals that you may eat from all the animals that are on the land:

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³ Any among the animals that has a divided hoof and has a split cleft in¹ the hoof, such² you may eat.

1. Hebrew “of”
2. Hebrew “her/it”

⁴ However,¹ these² you may not eat from those that chew the cud and from those that have a³ divided hoof: the camel, because it is a chewer of cud but it does not have a hoof that is divided—it is unclean for you;

1. Or “Only”
2. By context; Hebrew “this”
3. Hebrew “the”

⁵ and the coney, because it is a chewer of cud but it does not have a hoof that is divided—it is unclean for you;

⁶ and the hare, because it is a chewer of cud but it does not have a hoof that is divided—it is unclean for you;

⁷ and the pig, because it has a divided hoof and has a split cleft in¹ the hoof but it does not chew cud—it is unclean for you.

1. Hebrew “of”

⁸ You must not eat from their meat, and you must not touch their dead body—they are unclean for you.

⁹ “ ‘These¹ you may eat from all that are in the water: any in the water that has a fin and scales, whether in the seas or² in the streams—such³ you may eat.

1. By context; Hebrew “This”
2. Or “and”
3. Hebrew “them”

¹⁰ But any that does not have a fin and scales, whether in the seas or¹ in the streams, ⌞among⌟² all the water’s swarmers among all the living creatures that are in the water—they are a detestable thing to you.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “from”

¹¹ And they shall be detestable to you; you must not eat from their meat, and you must detest their dead body.

¹² Any that does not have a fin and scales in the water—it is a detestable thing to you.

¹³ “ ‘And these you must detest from the birds; they must not be eaten—they are detestable: the eagle and the vulture and the short-toed eagle,

¹⁴ and the red kite and the black kite according to its kind,

¹⁵ every crow according to its kind,

¹⁶ and ⌞the ostrich⌟¹ and the short-eared owl and the seagull and the hawk according to its kind,

1. Literally “the daughter of the ostrich”

¹⁷ and the little owl and the cormorant and the great owl,

¹⁸ and the barn owl and the desert owl and the carrion vulture,

¹⁹ and the stork, the heron according to its kind and the hoopoe and the bat.

²⁰ “ ‘Any ⌞winged insect⌟¹ that walks on all fours is detestable to you.

1. Literally “swarmer of the wing”

²¹ Only this may you eat from any of ⌞the winged insects⌟¹ that walk on all fours—that which has jointed legs above its feet for leaping upon the land.

1. Literally “the swarmer of the wing”

²² ⌞From these⌟¹ you may eat the locust according to its kind and the bald locust according to its kind and the cricket according to its kind and the grasshopper according to its kind.

1. Literally “These from them”

²³ But¹ any other² ⌞winged insect⌟³ that has four legs is detestable to you.

1. Or “And”
2. Implied by context
3. Literally “swarmer of wing”

²⁴ And by these you shall become unclean—anyone who touches their dead body shall become unclean until the evening,

²⁵ and anyone who carries their dead body must wash his garments, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

²⁶ “ ‘With regard to any animal that has a divided hoof but does not split the hoof, or¹ does not have a cud for chewing²—they are unclean for you; anyone who touches them shall become unclean.

1. Or “and”
2. So HALOT 830 s.v. 4

²⁷ And anything that walks upon its paws among any of the animals¹ that walks on all fours—they are unclean for you; anyone who touches their dead body shall become unclean until the evening,

1. Collective singular = plural by context

²⁸ and the one who carries their dead body must wash his garments, and he shall be unclean until the evening—they are unclean for you.

²⁹ “ ‘And these¹ are the unclean for you among the swarmers² that swarm on the land: the weasel and the mouse and the thorn-tailed lizard according to its kind,

1. By context; Hebrew “this”
2. Collective singular = plural

³⁰ and the gecko and the land crocodile and the lizard and the sand lizard and the chameleon.

³¹ These are the unclean for you among all the swarmers; anyone who touches them at their death shall become unclean until the evening.

³² And anything on which ⌞one of them⌟¹ falls at their death shall become unclean: any object of wood or garment or skin or sackcloth—any object that has performed work—must be placed in water, and it shall be unclean until the evening, and then it shall be clean.

1. Literally “from them”

³³ And any clay vessel¹ into which it falls shall become unclean, and you must break it.

1. Context indicates a vessel as distinguished from a tool or utensil

³⁴ Any of the food that could be eaten on which water from such a vessel comes shall become unclean, and any liquid that could be drunk in any such vessel shall become unclean.

³⁵ And anything on which ⌞one of their dead bodies⌟¹ falls shall become unclean: an oven or² a stove must be broken³—they are unclean and shall be unclean for you.

1. Literally “from their dead body”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “smashed” (NASB, HCSB, NET, NJPS) or “broken in pieces” (ASV, ESV, NRSV)

³⁶ Surely¹ a spring or² a cistern collecting water shall be clean, but that which touches their dead body shall become unclean.

1. So HALOT 45
2. Or “and”

³⁷ And when ⌞one of their dead bodies⌟¹ falls on any ⌞seed for sowing⌟,² it is clean.

1. Literally “from their dead body”
2. Literally “seed plant that is to be sown”

³⁸ But¹ when water is put on the seed and ⌞one of their dead bodies⌟² falls on it, it is unclean for you.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from their dead body”

³⁹ “ ‘And when ⌞one of the animals⌟¹ dies that is for you to eat, the one who touches its dead body shall become unclean until the evening.

1. Literally “from the animal”

⁴⁰ And the one who eats ⌞some of⌟¹ its dead body must wash his garments, and he shall be unclean until the evening; and the one who carries its dead body must wash his garments, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Literally “from”

⁴¹ “ ‘And any swarmer that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten.

⁴² You must not eat¹ anything that moves upon its belly or² that walks on all fours, even any with numerous feet belonging to any swarmer that swarms on the land, because they are detestable.

1. Hebrew “eat them”
2. Or “and”

⁴³ You must not defile yourselves with any swarmer that swarms, and you must not make yourselves unclean by them and so be made unclean by them,

⁴⁴ because I am Yahweh your God, and you must keep yourselves sanctified, so that¹ you shall be holy, because I am holy. And you must not make yourselves unclean with any swarmer that moves along on the land,

1. Or “and”

⁴⁵ because I am Yahweh, who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be for you as God. Thus¹ you shall be holy, because I am holy.

1. Or “And”

⁴⁶ “ ‘This is the regulation of the animals¹ and the birds and all living creatures that move along in the water and ⌞concerning⌟² all the creatures that swarm on the land,

1. Collective singulars in this verse are plural by context
2. Literally “of”

⁴⁷ to distinguish between the unclean and the clean and between the animal that is to be eaten and the animal that must not be eaten.’ ”

Purification After Childbirth

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘When a woman becomes pregnant and she gives birth to a male,² then³ she shall be unclean seven days—as in the time of her menstrual bleeding, she shall become unclean.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “son”
3. Or “and”

³ And on the eighth day his foreskin’s flesh shall be circumcised.

⁴ And for thirty-three days she shall stay in the blood of her cleansing; she must not touch any holy object, and she may not come to the sanctuary until the fulfilling of the days of her cleansing.

⁵ But¹ if she gives birth to a female,² then³ she shall be unclean for two weeks as in her menstruation, and for sixty-six days she shall stay ⌞through⌟⁴ the blood of her cleansing.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “daughter”
3. Or “and”
4. Or “at” or “on”

⁶ And at the fulfilling of the days of her cleansing, whether for a son or for a daughter, she must bring to the priest at the tent of assembly’s entrance a ⌞yearling⌟¹ male lamb as a burnt offering and ⌞young dove⌟² or a turtledove as a sin offering.

1. Literally “a son of his year”
2. Literally “son of a dove”

⁷ And the priest shall present it ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh, and he shall make atonement for her, so that² she shall be clean from the flow of her blood. This is the regulation of childbearing³ for the male⁴ or for the female.⁵

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “the childbearing”
4. Or “son”
5. Or “daughter”

⁸ And if ⌞she cannot afford⌟¹ a sheep,² then³ she shall take two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟⁴—one as a burnt offering and one as a sin offering—and the priest shall make atonement for her, so that⁵ she shall be clean.’ ”

1. Literally “her hand does not find enough”
2. Or “small livestock”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “sons of a dove”
5. Or “and”

Regulations About Defiling Skin Diseases

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “When a ⌞person⌟¹ has on his body’s skin a swelling or an epidermal eruption or a spot and it becomes² an infectious skin disease on his body’s skin, then³ he shall be brought to Aaron the priest or to one of his sons the priests.

1. Literally “man”
2. Perfect of הָיָה followed by לְ; see HALOT 244 s.v. 7.c
3. Or “and”

³ And the priest shall examine the infection on his body’s skin, and if the hair in the infection turns white and the appearance of the infection is deeper than his body’s skin, it is an infectious skin disease, and the priest shall examine it, and he shall declare him unclean.

⁴ But¹ if a spot is white on his body’s skin and its appearance is not deeper than the skin and its hair does not turn white, then² the priest shall confine the afflicted person for seven days.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

⁵ And the priest shall examine it on the seventh day, and ⌞if⌟,¹ in his eyes, the infection has stayed unchanged, the infection has not spread on the skin, then² the priest shall confine him for seven days a second time.

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Or “and”

⁶ And the priest shall examine him on the seventh day for a second time, and ⌞if⌟¹ the infection has faded and the infection has not spread on the skin, then² the priest shall declare him clean—it is an epidermal eruption; and he shall wash his garments, and so he shall be clean.

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Or “and”

⁷ But¹ if the epidermal eruption spreads further on the skin after showing himself to the priest for his cleansing, then² he shall appear a second time to the priest.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

⁸ And the priest shall examine it,¹ and ⌞if⌟² the epidermal eruption has spread on the skin, then³ the priest shall declare him unclean—it is an infectious skin disease.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

⁹ “When an infectious skin disease is on a person and he is brought to the priest,

¹⁰ the priest shall examine it,¹ and ⌞if⌟² a white swelling is on the skin and it turns the hair white and ⌞raw flesh⌟³ is in the swelling,

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Literally “living of living flesh”

¹¹ it is a chronic infectious skin disease on his body’s skin, and the priest shall declare him unclean; he shall not confine him, because he is unclean.

¹² And if the infectious skin disease breaks out all over on the skin and the infectious skin disease covers all of the afflicted person’s skin from his head to his feed, ⌞so far as the priest can see⌟,¹

1. Literally “for all the sight of the eyes of the priest”

¹³ then¹ the priest shall examine it,² and ⌞if⌟³ the infectious skin disease covers his whole body, then⁴ he shall pronounce the afflicted person clean—all of it has turned white; he is clean.

1. Or “and”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”
4. Or “and”

¹⁴ But¹ ⌞whenever⌟² ⌞raw flesh⌟³ appears on him, he shall become unclean.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “on a day”
3. Literally “living flesh”

¹⁵ And the priest shall examine the ⌞raw flesh⌟,¹ and he shall pronounce him unclean—the ⌞raw flesh⌟² is unclean; it is an infectious skin disease.

1. Literally “living flesh”
2. Literally “living flesh”

¹⁶ Or, when the ⌞raw flesh⌟¹ returns and it has changed to white, then² he shall come to the priest,

1. Literally “living flesh”
2. Or “and”

¹⁷ and the priest shall examine him, and ⌞if⌟¹ the infection has changed to white, then² the priest shall pronounce the afflicted person clean—he is clean.

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Or “and”

¹⁸ “And when someone’s body ⌞has⌟¹ a skin sore on his skin and it is healed

1. Literally “becomes on it”

¹⁹ and a white swelling or a ⌞pinkish⌟¹ spot appears in the skin sore’s place, then² he shall show himself to the priest.

1. Literally “white red”
2. Or “and”

²⁰ And the priest shall examine it,¹ and ⌞if⌟² its appearance is deeper than the skin and its hair has changed to white, then³ the priest shall declare him unclean—it is an infectious skin disease; it has broken out in the skin sore.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

²¹ And if the priest examines it and ⌞if⌟¹ there is no white hair in it and it is not deeper than the skin and it is faded, then² the priest shall confine him for seven days.

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Or “and”

²² But¹ if it has spread further on the skin, then² the priest shall declare him unclean—it is an infection.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

²³ But¹ if the spot has stayed unchanged, it has not spread, it is the skin sore’s scar, so² the priest shall declare him clean.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

²⁴ “Or when a body ⌞has⌟¹ a burn-spot ⌞from⌟² fire on its skin and the ⌞raw flesh⌟³ of the burn-spot is ⌞pinkish⌟⁴ or white,

1. Literally “it becomes”
2. Literally “of”
3. Literally “living”
4. Literally “white red”

²⁵ then¹ the priest shall examine it, and ⌞if⌟² the hair turns white in the spot and its appearance is deeper than the skin, it is an infectious skin disease—it has broken out in the burn-spot; so³ the priest shall declare him unclean—it is an infectious skin disease.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

²⁶ But¹ if the priest examines it and ⌞if⌟² there is not white hair in the spot and it is not deeper than the skin and it is faded, then³ the priest shall confine him for seven days.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

²⁷ And the priest shall examine him on the seventh day; if it has spread further on the skin, then¹ the priest shall declare him unclean—it is an infectious skin disease.

1. Or “and”

²⁸ But¹ if it the spot has stayed unchanged in its place, it has not spread on the skin and it is faded, then it is the burn-spot’s swelling, so² the priest shall declare him clean, because it is the burn-spot’s scar.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

²⁹ “And when a man or a woman ⌞has⌟¹ an infection on the head or in the beard,

1. Literally “becomes on him”

³⁰ then¹ the priest shall examine the infection, and ⌞if⌟² its appearance is deeper than the skin and in it is thin bright red hair, then³ the priest shall declare it unclean—it is a diseased area of skin; it is an infectious skin disease of the head or the beard.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

³¹ But¹ if the priest examines the diseased area of the skin’s infection and ⌞if⌟² its appearance is not deeper than the skin and there is no black hair in it, then³ the priest shall confine the afflicted person with the diseased area of skin for seven days.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Or “and”

³² And the priest shall examine the infection on the seventh day, and ⌞if⌟¹ the diseased area of skin has not spread and it does not have bright red hair in it and the diseased area of the skin’s appearance is not deeper than the skin,

1. Literally “look” or “behold”

³³ then¹ he shall shave himself, but² he shall not shave the diseased area of skin, and the priest shall confine the person with³ the diseased area of skin a second time for seven days.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

³⁴ And the priest shall examine the diseased area of skin on the seventh day, and ⌞if⌟¹ the diseased area has not spread on the skin and its appearance is not deeper than the skin, then² the priest shall pronounce him clean, and he shall wash his garments, and he shall be clean.

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Or “and”

³⁵ But¹ if the diseased area of skin has not spread further on the skin after his cleansing,

1. Or “And”

³⁶ then¹ the priest shall examine him, and ⌞if⌟² the diseased area of skin has spread on the skin, the priest shall not inspect for bright³ red hair—he is unclean.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Hebrew “the bright”

³⁷ But¹ if, in his eyes, the diseased area of skin has stayed unchanged and black hair has grown in it, the diseased area of skin is healed—he is clean, and the priest shall pronounce him clean.

1. Or “And”

³⁸ “And when a man or a woman ⌞has⌟¹ spots on their body’s skin, white spots,

1. Literally “becomes”

³⁹ then¹ the priest shall examine them,² and ⌞if⌟³ the spots on their body’s skin are a faded white, it is a skin rash; it has broken out on the skin—it is clean.

1. Or “and”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”

⁴⁰ “And if a man becomes bald, his head is bald, he is clean.

⁴¹ And if he becomes bald ⌞from his forehead⌟,¹ his head is bald, he is clean.

1. Literally “from the forehead of his face”

⁴² But¹ if a ⌞pinkish⌟² infection occurs³ on the bald spot or on the bald forehead, it is an infectious skin disease that sprouts on his bald spot or on his bald forehead.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “white red”
3. Or “becomes” or “happens”

⁴³ So¹ the priest shall examine him, and ⌞if⌟² the infection’s swelling is ⌞pinkish⌟³ on his bald spot or on his bald forehead, like the appearance of an infectious skin disease on⁴ the body,

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Literally “white red”
4. Literally “of”

⁴⁴ he is a man afflicted with a skin disease—he is unclean; the priest certainly shall declare him unclean—his infection is on his head.

⁴⁵ “As for¹ the person who is afflicted with a skin disease, his garments must be torn and his ⌞hair⌟² must be allowed to hang loosely, and he must cover his upper lip, and he must call out, ‘Unclean! Unclean!’

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “head”

⁴⁶ For all the days during which the infection is on him, he shall be unclean; he must live alone; his dwelling must be ⌞outside the camp⌟.”¹

1. Literally “from an outside place of the camp”

Regulations About Contaminated Fabrics

⁴⁷ “And when the garment ⌞has⌟¹ an infectious skin disease² on it, on a wool garment³ or on a linen garment,⁴

1. Literally “becomes”
2. Perhaps better translated “mold” rather than “skin disease”
3. Literally “a garment of wool”
4. Literally “a garment of linen”

⁴⁸ or on woven material or on a linen fabric, or¹ on wool or on leather or on any work of leather,

1. Or “and”

⁴⁹ and if the infection is yellowish green or reddish on the garment or on the leather or on the woven material or on the fabric or on any leather object,¹ it is an infectious skin disease² and it shall be shown to the priest.

1. Literally “an object of leather”
2. Perhaps better translated “mold” rather than “skin disease”

⁵⁰ And the priest shall examine the infection, and he shall confine the infected article for seven days.

⁵¹ And he shall examine the infection on the seventh day; if the infection has spread on the garment or on the woven material or on the fabric or on the leather, for any work for which the leather is used, the infection is a destructive skin disease¹—it is unclean.

1. Perhaps better translated “mold” rather than “skin disease”

⁵² And he shall burn the garment or the woven material or the fabric, ⌞whether wool or linen⌟,¹ or any leather object that ⌞has⌟² the infection, because it is an infectious skin disease,³ which is destructive—it must be burned in the fire.

1. Literally “in/on the wool or in/on the linen”
2. Literally “becomes on/in it”
3. Perhaps better translated “mold” rather than “skin disease”

⁵³ “But¹ if the priest examines it² and ⌞if⌟³ the infection has not spread on the garment or on the woven material or on the fabric or on any leather object,

1. Or “And”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”

⁵⁴ then¹ the priest shall command, and ⌞someone⌟² shall wash that on which the infection is, and he shall confine it a second time for seven days.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “he”

⁵⁵ And the priest shall examine it¹ after the infection has been washed off, and ⌞if⌟² the infection has not changed its outward appearance and the infection has not spread, it is unclean; he must burn it in the fire; it is a fungus on its back or on its front.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”

⁵⁶ But¹ if the priest examines it² and ⌞if⌟³ the infection is faded after it has been washed off, then⁴ he shall tear it from the garment or from the leather or from the woven material or from the fabric.

1. Or “And”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”
4. Or “and”

⁵⁷ And if it appears again on the garment or on the woven material or on the fabric or on any leather object, it is spreading; you¹ must burn in the fire that which has the infection in it.

1. Singular

⁵⁸ And the garment or the woven material or the fabric or any leather object that he might wash and the infection is removed from them then¹ shall be washed a second time, and it shall be clean.”

1. Or “and”

⁵⁹ This is the regulation of the infectious skin disease¹ in² the wool garment or the linen or the woven material or the fabric or any leather object to declare it clean or to declare it unclean.

1. Perhaps better translated “mold” rather than “skin disease”
2. Hebrew “of”

Instructions for Cleansing Infectious Skin Diseases

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “This is the regulation of the person afflicted with a skin disease ⌞at the time of⌟¹ his cleansing. And he shall be brought to the priest,

1. Or “on the day of”

³ and the priest shall go ⌞outside the camp⌟,¹ and the priest shall examine him,² and ⌞if⌟³ the skin disease’s infection is healed on⁴ the afflicted person,

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”
4. Hebrew “from”

⁴ then¹ the priest shall command, and he shall take two living, clean birds and ⌞cedar wood⌟² and ⌞a crimson thread⌟³ and hyssop for the one who presents himself for cleansing.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “wood of cedar”
3. Literally “crimson thread of the worm”

⁵ Then¹ the priest shall command someone² to slaughter one bird over fresh water in a clay vessel.

1. Or “And”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁶ He must take the living bird and the ⌞cedar wood⌟¹ and ⌞the crimson thread⌟² and the hyssop, and he shall dip them and the living bird in the bird’s blood slaughtered over the fresh water.

1. Literally “wood of cedar”
2. Literally “the crimson thread of the worm”

⁷ And he shall spatter the blood¹ seven times on the one who presents himself for cleansing from the infectious skin disease, and he shall declare him clean, and he shall send the living bird ⌞into the open field⌟.²

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “toward the faces of the field”

⁸ Then¹ the one who presents himself for cleansing shall wash his garments, and he shall shave off all his hair, and he shall wash himself in the water; thus² he shall be clean, and afterward he shall enter the camp, but³ he shall stay ⌞outside his tent⌟⁴ for seven days.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “from an outside place of his tent”

⁹ ⌞And then⌟¹ on the seventh day he must shave off all his hair—he must shave his head and his beard and ⌞his eyebrows⌟² and all the rest³ of his hair—and he shall wash his garments, and he shall wash his body in the water; thus⁴ he shall be clean.

1. Literally “And it shall be”
2. Literally “the rims of his eyes”
3. Implied by context
4. Or “and”

¹⁰ “And on the eighth day he must take two male lambs without defect and one ewe-lamb ⌞in its first year⌟¹ without defect and three-tenths of an ephah² of finely milled flour mixed with oil as a grain offering and one log of oil.

1. Literally “a daughter of her year”
2. Implied by context

¹¹ And the priest who cleanses him¹ shall present the man who presents himself for cleansing and ⌞these things⌟² ⌞before⌟³ the tent of assembly’s entrance.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “with them”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

¹² Then¹ the priest shall take the one male lamb, and he shall present it as a guilt offering, and the log of oil, and he shall wave them as a wave offering ⌞before⌟² Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

¹³ And he shall slaughter the male lamb in the place where he slaughters the sin offering and the burnt offering in the sanctuary’s space,¹ because as the sin offering belongs to the priest, so also the guilt offering—⌞it is a most holy thing⌟.²

1. Or “place” or “area”
2. Literally “a holiness of holinesses is it”

¹⁴ And the priest shall take ⌞some of⌟¹ the guilt offering’s blood, and the priest shall put it² on the right ear’s lobe of the one who presents himself for cleansing and on his right hand’s thumb and on his right foot’s big toe.

1. Literally “from”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹⁵ And the priest shall take ⌞some of⌟¹ the log of oil, and he shall pour it² on his³ left palm;

1. Literally “from”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Hebrew “the priest’s”

¹⁶ and the priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is on his left palm, and he shall spatter ⌞some of⌟¹ the oil with his finger seven times ⌞before⌟² Yahweh.

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁷ Then¹ the priest shall put ⌞some of⌟² the remaining oil, which is on his palm, on the right ear’s lobe of the one to be cleansed and on his right hand’s thumb and on his right foot’s big toe, on top of the guilt offering’s blood.³

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”
3. See v. 14

¹⁸ And the remaining oil that is on the priest’s palm he shall put on the head of the one who presents himself for cleansing, and the priest shall make atonement for him ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁹ Thus¹ the priest shall ⌞sacrifice⌟² the sin offering, and he shall make atonement for the one who presents himself for cleansing from his uncleanness, and afterward he shall slaughter the burnt offering.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “do” or “make”

²⁰ Then¹ the priest shall offer the burnt offering and the grain offering on the altar, and the priest shall make atonement for him, and so he shall be clean.

1. Or “And”

²¹ “But¹ if he is poor and ⌞he cannot afford⌟² it,³ then⁴ he shall take one male lamb for a guilt offering as a wave offering to make atonement for himself and one-tenth of an ephah⁵ of finely milled flour mixed with oil for a grain offering, and a log of oil,

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “his hand is not producing”
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
4. Or “and”
5. Implied by context

²² and two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟¹ that ⌞he can afford⌟,² and one shall be a sin offering and the ⌞other⌟³ a burnt offering.

1. Literally “sons of dove”
2. Literally “his hand can produce”
3. Literally “one”

²³ And he shall bring them to the priest at the tent of assembly’s entrance ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh on the eighth day for his cleansing.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁴ And the priest shall take the male lamb for the guilt offering and the log of oil, and the priest shall wave them as a wave offering ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh;

1. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁵ and he shall slaughter the male lamb of the guilt offering, and the priest shall take ⌞some of⌟¹ the guilt offering’s blood, and he shall put it² on the right ear’s lobe of the one who presents himself for cleansing and on his right hand’s thumb and on his right foot’s big toe.

1. Literally “from”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

²⁶ Then¹ the priest shall pour out ⌞some of⌟² the oil on his own³ left palm,

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”
3. Hebrew “the priest’s”

²⁷ and with his right finger the priest shall spatter ⌞some of⌟¹ the oil that is on his left palm seven times ⌞before⌟² Yahweh.

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁸ Then¹ the priest shall put ⌞some of⌟² the oil that is on his palm on the right ear’s lobe of the one who presents himself for cleansing and on his right hand’s thumb and on his right foot’s big toe on the place of the guilt offering’s blood.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “from”

²⁹ And the remaining oil that is on the priest’s palm he shall put on the head of the one who presents himself for cleansing to make atonement for him ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

³⁰ And he shall ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ one of the turtledoves or the ⌞young doves⌟² that ⌞he can afford⌟,³

1. Literally “do” or “make”
2. Literally “sons of dove”
3. Literally “his hand can produce”

³¹ even¹ what ⌞he can afford⌟,² the one as a sin offering and the ⌞other⌟³ as a burnt offering in addition to the grain offering, and the priest shall make atonement for the one who presents himself for cleansing ⌞before⌟⁴ Yahweh.

1. Implied by context
2. Literally “his hand can produce”
3. Literally “one”
4. Literally “to the faces of”

³² This is the regulation of the one on whom is an infectious skin disease who ⌞cannot afford⌟¹ the cost² for his cleansing.”

1. Literally “his hand cannot produce”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

Instructions for Cleansing Houses

³³ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,

1. Or “And”

³⁴ “When you come into the land of Canaan, which I am about to give to you as your possession, and I put ⌞mildew⌟¹ in a house in the land of your possession,

1. Literally “an infection of skin disease”

³⁵ then¹ the one who ⌞owns the house⌟² shall come and tell the priest, saying, ‘It appears to me that an infection is in the house.’

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “the house is for him”

³⁶ And the priest shall issue a command, and they shall clear out the house before the priest comes to examine the infection, so that¹ all that is in the house might not become unclean; and ⌞afterward⌟² the priest shall go to examine the house.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “after thus”

³⁷ And he shall examine the infection, and ⌞if⌟¹ the infection on the house’s wall has yellowish-green or reddish spots and its appearance is deeper than the surface of² the wall,

1. Literally “look” or “behold”
2. Implied by the context

³⁸ then¹ the priest shall go out from the house to the house’s entrance, and he shall confine² the house for seven days.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “close up”

³⁹ And the priest shall return on the seventh day, and he shall examine the infection,¹ and ⌞if⌟² the infection has spread on the house’s wall,

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”

⁴⁰ the priest shall issue a command and they shall remove the stones on which is the infection, and they shall throw them ⌞outside the city⌟¹ on an unclean place.

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the city”

⁴¹ Then¹ they² shall scrape off the plaster³ from all around the house, and they shall pour out the plaster,⁴ which they scraped off, ⌞outside the city⌟⁵ on an unclean place.

1. Or “And”
2. Hebrew “he”
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
4. See HALOT 862 s.v. 3.b
5. Literally “to from an outside place of the city”

⁴² And they shall take other stones, and they shall ⌞put⌟¹ them in place of those stones, and they² shall take other plaster,³ and they⁴ shall replaster⁵ the house.

1. Literally “bring”
2. Hebrew “he”
3. See HALOT 862 s.v. 3.b
4. Hebrew “he”
5. Implied by the context; Hebrew “plaster”

⁴³ “But¹ if the infection should return and it breaks out in the house after they² have removed the stones and after scraping off the plaster³ of the house and after it has been replastered,⁴

1. Or “And”
2. Hebrew “he”
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
4. Implied by the context; or “plaster”

⁴⁴ then¹ the priest shall come, and he shall examine the infection,² and ⌞if⌟³ the infection has spread in the house, it is a destructive ⌞mildew⌟⁴ in the house—it is unclean.

1. Or “and”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “look” or “behold”
4. Literally “infectious disease”

⁴⁵ So¹ he shall break down the house, its stones and its wood and all of the house’s plaster,² and he shall bring it all³ ⌞outside the city⌟⁴ to an unclean place.

1. Or “And”
2. See HALOT 862 s.v. 3.b
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
4. Literally “to from an outside place of the city”

⁴⁶ And the person who enters into the house during all the days that he¹ confined² it shall become unclean until the evening.

1. That is, the priest
2. Or “closed up”

⁴⁷ And the person who sleeps in the house must wash his garments, and the person who eats in the house shall wash his garments.

⁴⁸ “And if the priest comes again and examines the house¹ and ⌞if⌟² the infection has not spread in the house after being replastered,³ then⁴ the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the infection is healed.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
2. Literally “look” or “behold”
3. Implied by the context; or “plaster”
4. Or “and”

⁴⁹ And he shall take two birds and ⌞cedar wood⌟¹ and a ⌞crimson thread⌟² and hyssop to cleanse the house;

1. Literally “wood of cedar”
2. Literally “crimson thread of the worm”

⁵⁰ and he shall slaughter the first bird over fresh water on a clay vessel.

⁵¹ Then¹ he shall take the ⌞cedar wood⌟² and the hyssop and ⌞the crimson thread⌟³ and the living bird, and he shall dip them in the slaughtered bird’s blood and in the fresh water, and he shall spatter them⁴ on the house seven times.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “wood of cedar”
3. Literally “the crimson thread of the worm”
4. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁵² Thus¹ he shall purify the house with the bird’s blood and with the fresh water and with the living bird and with the ⌞cedar wood⌟² and with the hyssop and with ⌞the crimson thread⌟.³

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “wood of cedar”
3. Literally “the crimson thread of the worm”

⁵³ And he shall send the living bird ⌞outside the city⌟¹ ⌞into the open field⌟;² and so he shall make atonement for the house, and it shall be clean.

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the city”
2. Literally “to the faces of the field”

⁵⁴ “This is the instruction for any infectious skin disease and for the diseased area of skin,

⁵⁵ and for a ⌞mildew⌟¹ of the garment and for the house,

1. Literally “infectious skin disease”

⁵⁶ and for the swelling and for the epidermal eruption and for the spot,

⁵⁷ to teach ⌞when something is unclean and when something is clean⌟.¹ This is the regulation of the infectious skin disease.”

1. Literally “on the day of the unclean and on the day of the clean”

Instructions About Bodily Discharges

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and you shall say to them, ‘⌞Any man⌟² when a fluid discharge occurs³ from his body, his fluid discharge is unclean.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “a man a man”
3. Or “becomes” or “shall be”

³ And this becomes his uncleanness in his fluid discharge: whether his body secretes his fluid discharge or his body blocks his fluid discharge, it is his uncleanness.

⁴ Any bed upon which the person who discharges lies down becomes unclean, and any object upon which he sits becomes unclean.

⁵ And anyone who touches his bed must wash his garments and shall wash¹ himself² with water, and he shall be unclean until evening.

1. Or “bathe”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁶ And the person who sits on the object upon which the person who discharges has sat must wash his garments, and he shall wash¹ himself² with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Or “bathe”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁷ And the person who touches the body of the person who discharges must wash his garments, and he shall wash¹ himself² with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Or “bathe”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁸ And if the person who discharges spits on one who is¹ clean, then² that one³ shall wash is garments, and he shall wash himself⁴ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. The generic article designating a class of persons or things
2. Or “and”
3. Hebrew “he”
4. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

⁹ And any saddle upon which the person who discharges rides becomes unclean.

¹⁰ And any person who touches anything that happened to be under him becomes unclean until the evening, and the person who carries them must wash his garments, and he shall wash himself¹ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹¹ And anyone whom the person who discharges might touch ⌞without⌟¹ rinsing off his hands with water shall wash his garments, and he shall wash himself² with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Literally “and not”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹² But¹ a clay vessel that the person who discharges touches must be broken, and any ⌞wood object⌟² must be rinsed with water.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “object of wood”

¹³ “ ‘And when the person who discharges becomes clean from his body fluid discharge, he shall count¹ for himself seven days for his cleansing; then² he shall wash his garments, and he shall wash his body with ⌞fresh⌟³ water, and he shall be clean.

1. Literally “and he shall count”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “running”; literally “living”

¹⁴ Then¹ on the eighth day he shall take for himself two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟,² and he shall come ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh at the tent of assembly’s entrance, and he shall give them to the priest.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sons of dove”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁵ And the priest shall ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ one as a sin offering and ⌞the other⌟² as a burnt offering, and so the priest shall make atonement for him ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh from his body fluid discharge.

1. Literally “do” or “make”
2. Literally “the one”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁶ “ ‘And if an emission of semen goes out from anyone, then¹ he shall wash all of his body with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Or “and”

¹⁷ And any garment and anything leather on which is an emission of semen shall be washed with water, and it shall be unclean until the evening.

¹⁸ If¹ there is a woman with whom a man lies down and there is an emission of semen, then² they shall wash themselves³ with water, and they shall be unclean until the evening.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹⁹ “ ‘And when a woman ⌞is menstruating⌟,¹ her body fluid discharge occurs in² her body; for seven days she shall be in her menstruation, and any person who touches her shall become unclean until the evening.

1. Literally “is discharging blood”
2. Or “from”

²⁰ And anything upon which she lies down during her menstruation shall become unclean, and anything upon which she sits shall become unclean.

²¹ And any person who touches her bed must wash his garments, and he shall wash himself¹ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

²² And any person who touches any object on which she sat must wash his garments, and he shall wash himself¹ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

²³ And if it is on the bed or on the object on which she sits, at his touching it he becomes unclean until the evening.

²⁴ And if a man indeed lies with her and her menstruation occurs on him, then¹ he shall be unclean for seven days, and any bed on which he lies down becomes unclean.

1. Or “and”

²⁵ “ ‘And when a woman discharges a body fluid consisting of her blood for many days, but not at the time of her menstruation, or when she discharges in addition to¹ her menstruation, all the days of her unclean body fluid discharge she shall become unclean as in the days of her menstruation.

1. Or “beyond”

²⁶ Any bed on which she lies during all the days of her body fluid discharge shall become for her as her bed of menstruation, and any object on which she sits becomes unclean as her menstruation’s uncleanness.

²⁷ And any person who touches them becomes unclean, and he shall wash his garments, and he shall wash himself¹ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening.

1. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

²⁸ “ ‘And if she is clean from her body fluid discharge, then¹ she shall count for herself seven days, and afterward she becomes clean.

1. Or “and”

²⁹ And on the eighth day she shall take for herself two turtledoves or two ⌞young doves⌟,¹ and she shall bring them to the priest at the tent of assembly’s entrance.

1. Literally “sons of dove”

³⁰ And the priest shall ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ the one as a sin offering and the ⌞other⌟² as a burnt offering, and so the priest shall make atonement for her ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh from her unclean body fluid discharge.’

1. Literally “do” or “make”
2. Literally “one”
3. Literally “the the faces of”

³¹ “And you shall keep the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ separate from their uncleanness so that they might not die because of² their uncleanness by their making my tabernacle, which is in their midst, unclean.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “by” or “in”

³² “This is the regulation of the one with the body fluid discharge and the one from whom an emission of semen goes out so that he becomes unclean by it

³³ and ⌞concerning⌟¹ the menstruating woman in her bleeding² and the person who discharges his body fluid, for the male and for the female and for a man who lies with an unclean woman.”

1. Literally “of”
2. See similar idiom at 12:2

The Day of Atonement

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses after the death of Aaron’s two sons, when they had come near ⌞before⌟² Yahweh and they died.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “before faces of”

² And Yahweh said to Moses, “Tell¹ your brother Aaron that he should not enter at any time into the sanctuary ⌞behind⌟² the curtain ⌞in front of⌟³ the atonement cover that is on the ark, so that he might not die, because I appear in the cloud over the atonement cover.

1. Or “Speak to”
2. Literally “from the interior/inside to”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

³ “Aaron must enter the sanctuary with this: ⌞a young bull⌟¹ as a sin offering and a ram as a burnt offering.

1. Literally “a bull a son of cattle”

⁴ He must put on ⌞a holy linen tunic⌟,¹ and linen undergarments must be on his body, and he must fasten himself² with a linen sash, and he must wrap a linen turban around his head³—they are holy garments, and he shall wash his body with water, then⁴ he shall put them on.

1. Literally “a tunic of linen of holiness”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Supplied from context in the English translation
4. Or “and”

⁵ And he must take from the ⌞Israelites⌟’¹ community two he-goats as a sin offering and one ram as a burnt offering.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

⁶ “And Aaron shall present the sin offering’s bull, which is for himself, and so he shall make atonement for himself and for his family.

⁷ And he shall take the two goats, and he shall present them ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh at the tent of assembly’s entrance.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

⁸ Then¹ Aaron shall cast lots for the two goats: one lot for Yahweh and one for Azazel.

1. Or “And”

⁹ And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot for Yahweh fell, and he shall ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ it as a sin offering.

1. Literally “do” or “make”

¹⁰ But¹ he must present alive ⌞before⌟² Yahweh the goat on which the lot for Azazel fell to make atonement for himself, to send it away into the desert to Azazel.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

¹¹ “And Aaron shall present the sin offering’s bull, which is for himself, and so he shall make atonement for himself and for his family; then¹ he shall slaughter the sin offering’s bull, which is for himself.

1. Or “and”

¹² And he shall take a¹ censer full of ⌞burning charcoal⌟² from upon the altar from ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh and ⌞two handfuls⌟⁴ of incense of powdered fragrant perfumes, and he shall bring it ⌞from behind⌟⁵ the curtain,

1. Hebrew “the”
2. Literally “burning charcoal of fire”
3. Literally “to the faces of”
4. Literally “the fullness of the hollow of his hands”
5. Literally “from the interior/inside of”

¹³ and he shall put the incense on the fire ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh so that the cloud of incense might cover the atonement cover, which is on the ⌞covenant text⌟,² so that he might not die.

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “testimony”

¹⁴ And he shall take ⌞some of⌟¹ the bull’s blood, and he shall spatter it² with his finger on the atonement cover’s surface on the eastern side, and ⌞before⌟³ the atonement cover he shall spatter ⌞some of⌟⁴ the blood with his finger seven times.

1. Literally “from”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “to the faces of”
4. Literally “from”

¹⁵ “And he shall slaughter the sin offering’s goat, which is for the people, and he shall bring its blood ⌞from behind⌟¹ the curtain, and he shall do with its blood as that which he did with² the bull’s blood, and he shall spatter it on the atonement cover and ⌞before⌟³ the atonement cover.

1. Literally “from the interior/inside of”
2. Hebrew “to”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

¹⁶ Thus¹ he shall make atonement for the sanctuary from the ⌞Israelites⌟’² impurities and from their transgressions for all their sins; and so he must do for the tent of assembly, which dwells with them in the midst of their impurities.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

¹⁷ And ⌞no person⌟¹ shall be in the tent of assembly when he enters to make atonement in the sanctuary until he comes out, and so he shall make atonement for himself and for his family and for all of Israel’s assembly.

1. Literally “any man not”

¹⁸ “Then¹ he shall go out to the altar that is ⌞before⌟² Yahweh, and he shall make atonement for it; and he shall take ⌞some of⌟³ the bull’s blood and ⌞some of⌟⁴ the goat’s blood, and he shall put it⁵ all around on the altar’s horns.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to the faces of”
3. Literally “from”
4. Literally “from”
5. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹⁹ And he shall spatter ⌞some of⌟¹ the blood on it seven times with his finger, and he shall cleanse it and consecrate² it from the ⌞Israelites⌟’³ impurities.

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “he shall consecrate”
3. Literally “of the sons/children of Israel”

²⁰ “And he shall finish making atonement for the sanctuary and the tent of assembly and the altar; then¹ he shall present the living goat.

1. Or “and”

²¹ And Aaron shall place his two hands on the living goat’s head, and he shall confess over it all the ⌞Israelites⌟’¹ iniquities and all their transgressions for all their sins, and he shall put them on the goat’s head, and he shall send it² away into the desert ⌞with⌟³ a man standing ready.⁴

1. Literally “of the sons/of the children of Israel”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Literally “by the hand of”
4. Or “at hand”

²² Thus¹ the goat shall bear on it to ⌞a barren region⌟² all their guilt, and he shall send the goat away into the desert.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “a land of separation” or “a land of infertility”

²³ “And Aaron shall enter the tent of assembly, and he shall take off the linen garments that he put on at his coming to the sanctuary, and he shall leave them there.

²⁴ And he shall wash his body with water in a holy place, and he shall put on his garments and go out and ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ his burnt offering and the people’s burnt offering, and so he shall make atonement for himself and for people.

1. Literally “he shall do” or “he shall make”

²⁵ And he must turn into smoke the sin offering’s fat on the altar.

²⁶ “And the person who sends out the goat for Azazel shall wash his garments, and he shall wash his body with water, and ⌞afterward⌟¹ he shall come to the camp.

1. Literally “after thus”

²⁷ And the sin offering’s bull and the sin offering’s goat, whose blood was brought to make atonement in the sanctuary, shall be brought ⌞outside the camp⌟,¹ and they shall burn their hide and their flesh and their offal in the fire.

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”

²⁸ And the person who burns them shall wash his garments, and he shall wash his body with water, and ⌞afterward⌟¹ he must come to the camp.

1. Literally “after thus”

²⁹ “And this shall be ⌞a lasting statute⌟¹ for you: in the seventh month, on the tenth of the month, you must deny yourselves and you must not do any work, whether the native or² the alien who is dwelling in your midst,

1. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”
2. Or “and”

³⁰ because on this day he shall make atonement for you to cleanse you; you must be clean from all your sins ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

³¹ It is ⌞a Sabbath of complete rest⌟¹ for you, and you shall deny yourselves—it is ⌞a lasting statute⌟.²

1. Literally “a Sabbath of ‘Sabbathation.’ ” “Sabbathation” is not a real word, but it is devised as an attempt to convey the sounds of the related nouns in the Hebrew phrase
2. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”

³² And the priest who is anointed and who is ⌞ordained⌟¹ to serve as a priest in place of his father shall make atonement; thus² he shall put on the linen garments, the holy garments,

1. Literally “filled his hand”
2. Or “and”

³³ and he shall make atonement for the sanctuary’s holy place, and he shall make atonement for the tent of assembly and the altar, and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all of the assembly’s people.

³⁴ And this shall be ⌞a lasting statute⌟¹ for you to make atonement for the ⌞Israelites⌟² one time in a year from all their sins.”

1. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

The Place of Sacrifice

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to Aaron and to his sons and to all the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and you shall say to them, ‘This is the word that Yahweh has commanded, saying,

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³ “⌞Any man⌟¹ from the house of Israel who slaughters an ox or a sheep or a goat in the camp or who slaughters it ⌞outside the camp⌟²

1. Literally “A man a man”
2. Literally “from an outside place of the camp”

⁴ and he does not bring it to the tent of assembly’s entrance to present an offering to Yahweh ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh’s tabernacle, then² that man shall be accounted bloodguilty—he has poured out blood, and that man shall be cut off from the midst of his people.

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Or “and”

⁵ This is so that the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ may bring their sacrifices that they are sacrificing ⌞in the open field⌟² and bring³ them for Yahweh to the tent of assembly’s entrance to the priest, and they shall sacrifice fellowship offerings for Yahweh with them.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “on the faces of the field”
3. Or “they shall bring”

⁶ And the priest shall sprinkle the blood on Yahweh’s altar at the tent of assembly’s entrance, and he shall ⌞burn⌟¹ the fat as an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. Literally “turn into smoke”

⁷ And ⌞they may no longer sacrifice⌟¹ their sacrifices to the goat-idols after which they were prostituting. This is ⌞a lasting statute⌟² for them ⌞throughout⌟³ their generations.” ’

1. Literally “not they may sacrifice again”
2. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”
3. Literally “to”

Instructions Against Eating Blood

⁸ “And you shall say to them, ‘if there is ⌞anyone⌟¹ from the house of Israel or² from the alien who dwells in their midst who offers a burnt offering or a sacrifice

1. Literally “A man a man”
2. Or “and”

⁹ and he does not bring it to the tent of assembly’s entrance to ⌞sacrifice⌟¹ it for Yahweh, then² that man shall be cut off from his people.

1. Literally “do” or “make”
2. Or “and”

¹⁰ And if there is ⌞anyone⌟¹ from the house of Israel or² from the alien who is dwelling in their midst who eats any blood, then³ I will set my face against the person who eats the blood, and I will cut him off from among his people.

1. Literally “a man a man”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”

¹¹ Indeed¹ the flesh’s life is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your lives, because it is the blood with the life that makes atonement.

1. Or “Because”

¹² ⌞Therefore⌟¹ I said to the ⌞Israelites⌟,² ‘⌞None of you⌟³ may eat blood, nor⁴ may the alien who is dwelling in your midst eat blood.’

1. Literally “Unto thus”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
3. Literally “all of individual self from you not”
4. Or “and not”

¹³ “And if there is ⌞anyone⌟¹ from the ⌞Israelites⌟² or³ from the alien who is dwelling in their midst who hunts a wild game animal or a bird that may be eaten, then⁴ he shall pour out its blood, and he shall cover it with the soil.

1. Literally “a man a man”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
3. Or “and”
4. Or “and”

¹⁴ Indeed,¹ the life of all flesh, its blood, is in its life, so² I said to the ⌞Israelites⌟,³ ‘You may not eat the blood of any flesh, because the life of all flesh is its blood; anyone who eats it must be cut off.’

1. Or “Because”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

¹⁵ “And if there is any person who eats a dead body or¹ a mangled carcass, whether among the native or² among the alien, then³ he shall wash his garments, and he shall wash himself⁴ with water, and he shall be unclean until the evening, and he shall be clean.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation

¹⁶ But¹ if he does not wash his garments² and he does not wash his body, then³ he shall bear his guilt.”

1. Or “And”
2. The direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
3. Or “and”

Unlawful Sexual Relations

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘I am Yahweh your God.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³ You must not ⌞carry out⌟¹ the practices of the land of Egypt, in which you lived, and you must not ⌞carry out⌟² the practices of the land of Canaan, to which I am bringing you; and you must not follow their statutes.

1. Literally “do”
2. Literally “do”

⁴ You must ⌞carry out⌟¹ my regulations, and you must observe² my statutes by following them; I am Yahweh your God.

1. Literally “do”
2. Or “keep”

⁵ And you shall observe¹ my statutes and my regulations ⌞by which the person doing them shall live⌟;² I am Yahweh.

1. Or “keep”
2. Literally “which the man does them and he shall live in them”

⁶ “ ‘⌞None⌟¹ of you shall approach anyone who is ⌞his close relative⌟² to expose nakedness; I am Yahweh.

1. Literally “a man a man … not”
2. Literally “the flesh of his body”

⁷ You must not expose your father’s nakedness or¹ your mother’s nakedness—she is your mother; you must not expose her nakedness.

1. Or “and”

⁸ You must not expose the nakedness of your father’s wife—it is your father’s nakedness.

⁹ As for your sister’s nakedness, whether your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter, whether ⌞born at home⌟¹ or ⌞born abroad⌟,² you must not expose their nakedness.

1. Literally “a relative of house”
2. Literally “a relative of an outside place”

¹⁰ As for the nakedness of your son’s daughter or your daughter’s daughter, you must not expose their nakedness, because they are your nakedness.

¹¹ As for the nakedness of the daughter of your father’s wife, she is your sister, a relative of your father; you must not expose her nakedness.

¹² You must not expose the nakedness of your father’s sister; she is ⌞your father’s close relative⌟.¹

1. Literally “the flesh of your father”

¹³ You must not expose the nakedness of your mother’s sister, because she is ⌞your mother’s close relative⌟.¹

1. Literally “the flesh of your mother”

¹⁴ You must not expose the nakedness of your father’s brother; you must not ⌞have sex with⌟¹ his wife—she is your aunt.

1. Literally “approach”

¹⁵ You must not expose your daughter-in-law’s nakedness; she is your son’s wife; you must not expose her nakedness.

¹⁶ You must not expose the nakedness of your brother’s wife; she is your brother’s nakedness.

¹⁷ You must not expose the nakedness of a woman and her daughter, or her son’s daughter, or her daughter’s daughter; you must not take her as wife¹ to expose her nakedness; they are ⌞close relatives⌟²—that is wickedness.

1. The verb לקח is used to speak of marrying (“taking a wife”)
2. Literally “flesh”; see vv. 6, 12, 13

¹⁸ And you must not take as wife¹ a woman with her sister, to be a rival-wife, to expose her nakedness before her ⌞during⌟² her life.

1. The verb לקח is used to speak of marrying (“taking a wife”)
2. Literally “in”

¹⁹ “ ‘And you must not ⌞have sex with⌟¹ a woman to expose her nakedness ⌞during⌟² her menstrual uncleanness.

1. Literally “approach”
2. Literally “in”

²⁰ And ⌞you must not have sex⌟¹ with your fellow citizen’s² wife, becoming unclean with her.

1. Literally “you shall not give your lying down for semen”
2. Or “neighbor’s”

²¹ “ ‘And you shall not give ⌞any of⌟¹ your offspring² in order to sacrifice them to Molech, nor³ shall you profane the name of your God; I am Yahweh.

1. Literally “from”
2. Or “descendants”
3. Or “and not”

²² And you shall not lie with a male as lying ⌞with⌟¹ a woman; that is a detestable thing.

1. Literally “of”

²³ And you shall not ⌞have sexual relations⌟¹ with any animal, becoming unclean with it; and a woman shall not stand ⌞before⌟² an animal to copulate with it—that is a perversion.

1. Literally “give your lying down”
2. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁴ “ ‘You must not make yourself unclean in any of these things, because the nations whom I am driving out from your presence were made unclean by all of these.

²⁵ So¹ the land became unclean, and ⌞I have brought the punishment of⌟² its guilt upon it, and the land has vomited out its inhabitants.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “I have visited”

²⁶ But¹ you (neither the native nor² the alien who is dwelling in your midst) shall keep my statutes and my regulations, and you shall not ⌞practice⌟³ any of these detestable things

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “do”

²⁷ (because the people of the land, who were ⌞before you⌟,¹ did all these detestable things, so the land became unclean),

1. Literally “to the faces of you”

²⁸ so that the land will not vomit you out when you make it unclean just as it vomited out the nation that was ⌞before you⌟.¹

1. Literally “to the faces of you”

²⁹ Indeed, anyone who does any of these detestable things, even¹ those persons who do so shall be cut off from the midst of their people.

1. Or “and”

³⁰ Thus¹ you shall keep my obligation to not do any of the statutes ⌞regarding⌟² the detestable things that they did ⌞before you⌟,³ so that you will not make yourselves unclean by them; I am Yahweh your God.’ ”

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “of”
3. Literally “to the faces of you”

Yahweh Is Holy

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to all the community of the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘You² must be holy, because I, Yahweh your³ God, am holy.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Plural
3. Plural

³ Each of you must revere your mother¹ and your father,² and you³ must keep my Sabbaths; I am Yahweh your⁴ God.

1. Hebrew “his mother”
2. Hebrew “his father”
3. Plural
4. Plural

⁴ You¹ must not turn to idols, and you² must not make for yourselves gods of cast metal; I am Yahweh your³ God.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

⁵ “ ‘And when you¹ sacrifice a sacrifice of fellowship offerings to Yahweh, you² must sacrifice it for your³ acceptance.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

⁶ It must be eaten on the day of your¹ sacrifice and the next day; but² the remainder must be burned up in the fire by the third day.

1. Plural
2. Or “and”

⁷ And if it is indeed eaten on the third day, it is unclean meat; it shall not be regarded as accepted.

⁸ And the one who eats it shall bear his guilt, because he has profaned Yahweh’s holiness, and that person shall be cut off from his people.

Love Your Neighbor as Yourself

⁹ “ ‘And at your¹ reaping the harvest of your² land you³ must not finish reaping the edge of your⁴ field, and you⁵ must not glean the remnants of your⁶ harvest.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Singular
6. Singular

¹⁰ And you¹ must not glean your² vineyard, and you³ must not gather your⁴ vineyard’s fallen grapes; you⁵ must leave them behind for the needy and for the alien; I am Yahweh your⁶ God.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Singular
6. Plural

¹¹ “ ‘You¹ shall not steal, and you² shall not deceive, and you³ shall not lie ⌞to one another⌟;⁴

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural
4. Literally “a man to his fellow citizen”

¹² and you¹ shall not swear ⌞falsely⌟² in my name, and so one of you³ profane⁴ the name of your⁵ God; I am Yahweh.

1. Plural
2. Literally “to the deception”
3. Singular
4. Or “you shall profane”
5. Singular

¹³ “ ‘You¹ shall not exploit your² neighbor, and you³ shall not rob him; a hired worker’s wage you⁴ shall not ⌞withhold⌟⁵ overnight until morning.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Literally “leave with you”

¹⁴ You¹ shall not curse the deaf, and you² shall not put a stumbling block ⌞before⌟³ a blind person, but⁴ you⁵ shall revere your⁶ God; I am Yahweh.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Literally “to the faces of”
4. Or “and”
5. Singular
6. Singular

¹⁵ “ ‘You¹ shall not do injustice in judgment; ⌞you² shall not show partiality to the powerless⌟;³ you⁴ shall not give preference ⌞to the powerful⌟;⁵ you⁶ shall judge your⁷ fellow citizen with justice.

1. Plural
2. Singular
3. Literally “you shall not lift up the faces of the poor/powerless”
4. Singular
5. Literally “faces of the great”
6. Singular
7. Singular

¹⁶ You¹ shall not go about with slander among your² people; ⌞you³ shall not endanger your⁴ neighbor’s life⌟;⁵ I am Yahweh.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Literally “you shall not stand on the blood of your neighbor”

¹⁷ “ ‘You¹ shall not hate your² brother in your³ heart; you⁴ shall surely rebuke your⁵ fellow citizen, so that you⁶ do not incur sin ⌞along with⌟⁷ him.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Singular
6. Singular
7. Or “in addition to him”; literally “upon him”

¹⁸ You¹ shall not seek vengeance, and you² shall not harbor a grudge against ⌞your³ fellow citizens⌟;⁴ and you⁵ shall love your⁶ neighbor like yourself;⁷ I am Yahweh.

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Literally “the sons of your people”
5. Singular
6. Singular
7. Singular

You Shall Keep My Statutes

¹⁹ “ ‘You¹ must keep my statutes: as for your² domestic animals, you³ shall not cause two differing kinds to breed; as for your⁴ field, you⁵ shall not sow two differing kinds of seed; and, a garment of two differing kinds of woven material should not be worn on you.⁶

1. Plural
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Singular
6. Singular

²⁰ “ ‘And when a man lies with a woman and there is an emission of semen and she is a female slave promised to a man, but¹ she indeed has not been ransomed or freedom has not be given to her, there shall be an obligation to compensate; they shall not be put to death, because she has not been freed.

1. Or “and”

²¹ And he shall bring his guilt offering to Yahweh at the tent of assembly’s entrance: a ram for a guilt offering.

²² And the priest shall make atonement for him ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh with the ram of the guilt offering for his sin that he ⌞committed⌟,² and so his sin that he ⌞committed⌟³ shall be forgiven him.

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “sinned”
3. Literally “sinned”

²³ “ ‘And when you¹ have come into the land and you² plant any tree for³ food, ⌞you⁴ shall regard its fruit as unharvestable⌟;⁵ for three years it shall be forbidden for you;⁶ it shall not be eaten.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Hebrew “of”
4. Plural
5. Literally “and you shall regard its foreskin as uncircumcised its fruit”
6. Plural

²⁴ But¹ in the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, offerings of praise for Yahweh.

1. Or “And”

²⁵ And in the fifth year you¹ shall eat its fruit to increase its yield for you;² I am Yahweh your³ God.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

²⁶ “ ‘You¹ must not eat anything with the blood; you² shall not practice divination, nor shall you³ interpret signs.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

²⁷ You¹ shall not round off the corner hair of your² head, and you³ shall not trim the corner of your⁴ beard.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Singular
4. Singular

²⁸ And you¹ shall not make a slash in your² body for a dead person, nor shall you³ make on yourselves a tattoo’s mark; I am Yahweh.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

²⁹ “ ‘You¹ shall not profane your² daughter by making her a prostitute, ⌞lest the land be prostituted and the land fill up with depravity⌟.³

1. Singular
2. Singular
3. Literally “and the land does not prostitute and the land fills up depravity” or “so that the land does not prostitute and the land fills up depravity”

³⁰ You¹ shall keep my Sabbaths, and you² shall revere my sanctuary; I am Yahweh.

1. Plural
2. Plural

³¹ “ ‘You¹ shall not turn to the mediums and to the soothsayers; you² shall not seek them to become unclean with them; I am Yahweh your³ God.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

³² “ ‘⌞Before⌟¹ old age you² shall get up, and you³ shall show respect for an old person; and you⁴ shall revere your God; I am Yahweh.

1. Literally “from the faces of”
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Singular

³³ “ ‘And when an alien dwells with you¹ in your² land, you³ shall not oppress him.

1. Singular
2. Plural
3. Plural

³⁴ The alien who is dwelling with you¹ shall be like a native among you,² and you³ shall love him like yourself,⁴ because you⁵ were aliens in the land of Egypt; I am Yahweh your⁶ God.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Plural
6. Plural

³⁵ “ ‘You¹ shall not commit injustice in regulation, in measurement, in weight, or² volume.

1. Plural
2. Or “and”

³⁶ You¹ must have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin; I am Yahweh your² God who brought you³ out from the land of Egypt.

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Plural

³⁷ “ ‘Thus you¹ shall keep all my statutes and all my regulations, and you² shall do them; I am Yahweh.’ ”

1. Plural
2. Plural

Molech Worship and Spiritism

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “And to the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ you shall say, ‘If there is ⌞anyone⌟² from the ⌞Israelites⌟³ or⁴ from the alien who is dwelling in Israel, who gives ⌞any of⌟⁵ his offspring to Molech, he must surely be put to death; the people of the land must stone him with stones.⁶

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “a man a man”
3. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
4. Or “and”
5. Literally “from”
6. Hebrew “the stone”

³ And I myself will set my face against that man, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people, because he has given ⌞some of⌟¹ his offspring to Molech, so that ⌞he makes my sanctuary unclean⌟² and profanes³ ⌞my holy name⌟.⁴

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “to make unclean my sanctuary”
3. Hebrew “to profane”
4. Literally “the name of my holiness”

⁴ And if the people of the land ever shut their eyes from¹ that man at his giving ⌞some of⌟² his offspring to Molech, not putting him to death,

1. Or “disregard”
2. Literally “from”

⁵ then¹ I myself will set my face against that man and against his clan, and I will cut him off and all those from the midst of their people who prostitute after Molech.

1. Or “and”

⁶ As for¹ the person who turns to the mediums and the soothsayers to prostitute after them, I will set² my face against that person, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people.

1. Or “And”
2. Hebrew “and I will set”

⁷ “ ‘And you shall consecrate yourselves, and you shall be holy, because I am Yahweh your God.

⁸ And you shall keep my statutes, and you shall do them; I am Yahweh who consecrates you.

Family and Sexual Offenses

⁹ “ ‘If there is ⌞anyone⌟¹ who curses his father or his mother, he shall surely be put to death; he has cursed his father and his mother—his blood is upon him.

1. Literally “a man a man”

¹⁰ “ ‘As for¹ a man who commits adultery with a man’s wife, who commits adultery with his neighbor’s wife, both the man who commits adultery and the woman who commits adultery shall surely be put to death.

1. Or “And”

¹¹ As for¹ a man who lies with his father’s wife, he has exposed his father’s nakedness; both of them shall be put to death—their blood is on them.

1. Or “And”

¹² As for¹ a man who lies with his daughter-in-law, both of them shall be put to death; they have committed a perversion—their blood is on them.

1. Or “And”

¹³ “ ‘As for¹ the man who lies with a male as lying with a woman, they have committed a detestable thing; they shall surely be put to death—their blood is on them.

1. Or “And”

¹⁴ “ ‘As for¹ a man who marries a woman and her mother, that is depravity; they shall burn him and them, so that it shall not become depravity in the midst of you all.

1. Or “And”

¹⁵ “ ‘As for¹ a man who ⌞has sexual relations⌟² with an animal, he shall surely be put to death, and you must kill the animal.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “he gives his lying down”

¹⁶ As for¹ a woman who approaches any animal to copulate with it, you shall kill² the woman and the animal; they shall surely be put to death—their blood is on them.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and you shall kill”

¹⁷ “ ‘As for¹ a man who takes his sister, his father’s daughter or his mother’s daughter, and he sees her nakedness and she herself sees his nakedness, it is a disgrace, and they shall be cut off ⌞before⌟² the eyes of ⌞their people⌟;³ he has exposed his sister’s nakedness—he must bear his guilt.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “in”
3. Literally “the sons/children of their people”

¹⁸ As for¹ a man who lies with a menstruating woman, he exposes² her nakedness—her source he exposes and she herself reveals her blood’s source—both of them shall be cut off from the midst of their people.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and he exposes”

¹⁹ And you shall not expose the nakedness of your mother’s sister, and you shall not expose your father’s sister, because such a person¹ has dishonored his close relative—they must bear their guilt.

1. Hebrew “he”

²⁰ As for¹ a man who lies with his aunt, he has exposed his uncle’s nakedness—they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless.

1. Or “And”

²¹ As for¹ a man who marries his brother’s wife, it is an abomination; he has exposed his brother’s nakedness—they shall be childless.

1. Or “And”

You Shall Be Holy

²² “ ‘And you shall keep all my statutes and all my regulations, and you shall do them, so that¹ the land, to which I am bringing you to inhabit it, shall not vomit you out.

1. Or “and”

²³ And you shall not follow the statutes of the nation that I am driving out ⌞from before you⌟,¹ because they did all these things, and I detested them.

1. Literally “from your faces”

²⁴ So¹ I said to you, “You yourselves shall take possession of their land, and I myself shall give it to you to possess it—a land flowing with milk and honey”; I am Yahweh your God, who ⌞has set you apart⌟² from the nations.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “I have set you apart”

²⁵ And you shall distinguish between the clean and the unclean animal and between the unclean and the clean bird; and you shall not defile yourselves with the animal or¹ with the bird or² with anything that moves along the ground that I have set apart for you ⌞as unclean⌟.³

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “to make unclean”

²⁶ And you shall be holy for me, because I, Yahweh, am holy, and I have singled you out from the nations to be mine.

²⁷ “ ‘And a man or a woman, if a spirit of the dead or a spirit of divination is in them, they shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones¹—their blood is on them.’ ”

1. Hebrew “the stone”

Regulations Concerning Priests

¹ Then¹ Yahweh said to Moses, “Speak to the priests, Aaron’s sons, and say to them, ‘One must not make himself unclean for a dead person among his own people,

1. Or “And”

² except for his direct relative closest to him: his mother and his father, and his son and his daughter, and his brother,

³ and for his sister, a virgin, who is closest to him, ⌞who has not had a husband⌟¹—for her he may defile himself.

1. Literally “who is not for a man/husband”

⁴ He must not make himself unclean as ⌞a kinsman by marriage⌟,¹ defiling himself.

1. Literally “a husband among his people”

⁵ “ ‘And they shall not shave bald patches on their head, and they shall not shave off the corner of their beard, and they shall not make a cut in their body.

⁶ They shall be holy to their God, and they shall not profane the name of their God, because they are bringing near the offerings made by fire to¹ Yahweh—their God’s food—and they shall be holy.

1. Hebrew “of”

⁷ “ ‘They shall not ⌞marry⌟¹ a woman who is a prostitute and defiled, nor shall they ⌞marry⌟² a woman divorced from her husband, because each priest³ is holy for his God.

1. Literally “take”
2. Literally “take”
3. Hebrew “he”; singular antecedent specified from the context

⁸ And you shall consecrate him, because he is bringing near your God’s food; he shall be holy to you, since I, Yahweh, who consecrates you, am holy.

⁹ “ ‘As for¹ the daughter of any priest, if she is defiled by prostituting, she is disgracing her father—she shall be burned in the fire.

1. Or “And”

¹⁰ “ ‘As for¹ the priest who is higher than his brothers, on whose head the oil of anointment is poured and ⌞he was ordained⌟² to wear the garments, he shall not dishevel his head, and he shall not tear his garments.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “he has filled up his hand”

¹¹ And he shall not go near any dead person, nor shall he make himself unclean for his father or¹ for his mother.

1. Or “and”

¹² And he shall not go out from the sanctuary, and he shall not profane his God’s sanctuary, because the dedication of his God’s oil of anointment is on him; I am Yahweh.

¹³ “ ‘And he himself must take a wife in her virginity.

¹⁴ A widow or¹ a divorced woman or² a defiled woman, a prostitute—these he must not take; he shall take only³ a virgin from his people as wife.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “instead”

¹⁵ And he shall not profane his offspring among his people, because I am Yahweh, who consecrates him.’ ”

¹⁶ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

¹⁷ “Speak to Aaron, saying, ‘A man from your offspring throughout their generations, in whom is a physical defect, shall not come near to present your God’s food.

¹⁸ Indeed,¹ any man in whom is a physical defect shall not come near: a blind man or lame or disfigured or deformed,

1. Or “For”

¹⁹ or a man in whom is a broken foot or a broken hand,

²⁰ or a hunchback or a dwarf, or a spot in his eye or a skin disorder or a skin eruption or a crushed testicle.

²¹ Any man from Aaron the priest’s offspring in whom is a physical defect shall not come near to present offerings made by fire to¹ Yahweh; a physical defect is in him; he shall not come near to present his God’s food.

1. Hebrew “of”

²² He may eat his God’s food, from ⌞the most holy things⌟¹ and from the holy things.

1. Literally “the holy things of the holy things”

²³ But he must not enter the curtain, and he must not come near to the altar, because a physical defect is in him, and he must not profane my sanctuary, because I am Yahweh, who consecrates them.’ ”

²⁴ Thus¹ Moses spoke to Aaron and to his sons and to all the ⌞Israelites⌟.²

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

Priests and Their Food

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Tell¹ Aaron and his sons² that³ they must deal respectfully with the ⌞Israelites⌟’⁴ votive offerings, and they must not profane my holy name, which they are consecrating to me; I am Yahweh.

1. Or “Speak to”
2. Literally “to Aaron and to his sons”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³ “Say to them, ‘Throughout your generations, any man from any of your offspring who comes near the votive offerings that the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ consecrate to Yahweh with² his uncleanness on him, that person shall be cut off³ from ⌞before me⌟;⁴ I am Yahweh.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and that person shall be cut off”
4. Literally “to the faces of me”

⁴ “ ‘⌞Anyone⌟¹ from Aaron’s offspring, if² he is afflicted with a skin disease or a fluid discharge, shall not eat in the sanctuary ⌞until⌟³ he is clean; and the one who touches any unclean person or a man from whom an emission of semen goes out,

1. Literally “A man a man”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “until which”

⁵ or a man who touches any swarmer that is unclean for him or who touches a person who is unclean for him ⌞due to⌟¹ whatever his uncleanness,

1. Literally “for”

⁶ a person who touches such a thing¹ shall be unclean until the evening, and he shall not eat from the votive offerings, except² when he washes³ his body with water

1. Hebrew “him” or “it”
2. Or “but if” or “but rather”
3. Or “bathes”

⁷ and ⌞the sun sets⌟,¹ and he shall be clean; then² afterward he may eat from the votive offerings, because it is his food.

1. Literally “the sun goes” or “the sun enters”
2. Or “and”

⁸ He shall not eat a naturally dead body or¹ a mangled carcass, ⌞so that he becomes unclean⌟² by it; I am Yahweh.

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “to become unclean”

⁹ “ ‘And they shall keep my obligation, and they shall not incur guilt because of it, so that¹ they die through it, because they have profaned it; I am Yahweh who consecrates them.

1. Or “and”

¹⁰ “ ‘⌞No stranger shall eat⌟¹ the votive offering; nor shall a temporary resident with² a priest or³ a hired worker eat the votive offering.

1. Literally “And any stranger shall not eat”
2. Hebrew “of”
3. Or “and”

¹¹ But¹ a priest, if with his money he buys a person as ⌞his possession⌟,² that one may eat it, and the descendants of his house themselves may eat his food.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “property of”

¹² And a priest’s daughter, when ⌞she marries a layman⌟,¹ she herself may not eat ⌞the votive offering⌟.²

1. Literally “she becomes for a strange man”
2. Literally “the offering/lifting of the votive offering”

¹³ But¹ a priest’s daughter, when she becomes a widow or² divorced or there is no offspring for her, and she returns to her father’s house as in her childhood, she may eat from her father’s food, but³ ⌞no layman may eat it⌟.⁴

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “any stranger shall not eat it”

¹⁴ And if a man eats the votive offering unintentionally, then¹ he shall add to it a fifth of it, and he shall give the votive offering to the priest.

1. Or “and”

¹⁵ And they shall not profane the ⌞Israelites⌟’¹ votive offerings that they present to Yahweh,

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

¹⁶ and so cause them, by their eating their votive offerings, to bear guilt requiring a guilt offering, because I am Yahweh, who consecrates them.’ ”

Acceptable Offerings

¹⁷ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

¹⁸ “Speak to Aaron and to his sons and to all the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘Anyone from the house of Israel or² from the alien in Israel who presents his offering for any of their vows or³ for any of their freewill offerings that they present to Yahweh as a burnt offering,

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”

¹⁹ it must be without defect ⌞to be acceptable for you⌟:¹ a male among the cattle, among the sheep, or² among the goats.

1. Literally “for your acceptance”
2. Or “and”

²⁰ You shall not present any animal in which is a physical defect, because it shall not be ⌞acceptable⌟¹ for you.

1. Literally “for acceptance”

²¹ And if anyone brings a sacrifice of fellowship offerings for Yahweh to fulfill a vow or as a freewill offering from¹ the cattle or from² the flock,³ it must be without defect ⌞to be acceptable⌟;⁴ there must not be any physical defect in it.

1. Or “among”
2. Or “among”
3. The Hebrew term refers collectively to both sheep and goats (small livestock animals)
4. Literally “for acceptance”

²² The blind or the injured or the maimed or the seeping or one with a skin disorder or one with a skin eruption—these you shall not present to Yahweh, nor shall you give from them an offering made by fire on the altar for Yahweh.

²³ As for¹ an ox or sheep that is deformed or² that is stunted, you may present it as a freewill offering, but³ for a vow it will not be accepted.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”

²⁴ And you shall not present anything for Yahweh with bruised or¹ shattered or² torn or³ cut-off testicles, and you shall not ⌞sacrifice⌟⁴ such in your land.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “do” or “make”

²⁵ And you shall not present your God’s food from any of these by the hand of ⌞a foreigner⌟,¹ because their deformity is in them; a physical defect is in them; they shall not be accepted for you.’ ”

1. Literally “a son of a foreign land”

²⁶ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁷ “When an ox or a sheep or a goat is born, then¹ it shall be under its mother for seven days, and from the eighth day and beyond it is acceptable as an offering made by fire for Yahweh.

1. Or “and”

²⁸ And you shall not slaughter an ox or a sheep and ⌞its young⌟¹ on ⌞the same day⌟.²

1. Literally “his son” or “his child”
2. Literally “on day one” or “in one day”

²⁹ And when you sacrifice a sacrifice of thanksgiving to Yahweh, you must sacrifice it to be acceptable for you.

³⁰ It must be eaten on that day; you must not leave over anything from it until morning; I am Yahweh.

³¹ “Thus¹ you shall keep my commands, and you shall do them; I am Yahweh.

1. Or “And”

³² “And you shall not profane my holy name, so that I may be consecrated in the midst of the ⌞Israelites⌟;¹ I am Yahweh, who consecrates you,

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³³ the one who brought you out from the land of Egypt to be as God for you; I am Yahweh.”

Yahweh’s Feasts

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘The festivals of Yahweh that you shall proclaim are holy assemblies; these are my appointed times.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

Yahweh’s Sabbath

³ “ ‘For six days work is to be done, and on the seventh day shall be ⌞a Sabbath of complete rest⌟,¹ a holy assembly; you shall not do any work; it shall be a Sabbath for Yahweh in all your dwellings.

1. Literally “a Sabbath of ‘Sabbathation.’ ” “Sabbathation” is not a real word, but it is devised as an attempt to convey the sounds of the related nouns in the Hebrew phrase

The Passover

⁴ “ ‘These are Yahweh’s appointed times, holy assemblies, which you shall proclaim at¹ their appointed time.

1. Or “on”

⁵ In the first month, on the fourteenth of the month at the evening is Yahweh’s Passover.

⁶ And on the fifteenth day of this month is Yahweh’s Feast of Unleavened Bread; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.

⁷ On the first day there shall be a holy assembly for you; you shall not do ⌞any regular work⌟.¹

1. Literally “all work of labor”

⁸ And you shall present an offering for Yahweh made by fire for seven days; on the seventh day there shall be a holy assembly; you shall not do ⌞any regular work⌟.’ ”¹

1. Literally “all work of labor”

The Feast of Firstfruits

⁹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

¹⁰ “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘When you come to the land that I am about to give to you and you reap its harvest, then² you shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruit of your harvest to the priest.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “and”

¹¹ And he shall wave the sheaf ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh for your acceptance; the priest shall wave it ⌞on the day after⌟² the Sabbath.

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Literally “from the next day of”

¹² And on the day of your waving the sheaf you shall ⌞offer⌟¹ a ⌞yearling⌟² male lamb without defect as a burnt offering to Yahweh.

1. Or “sacrifice”; literally “do” or “make”
2. Literally “a son of its year”

¹³ And its grain offering shall be two-tenths of an ephah¹ of finely milled flour mixed with oil, an offering made by fire for Yahweh, an appeasing fragrance; and its libation shall be a fourth of a hin² of wine.

1. Supplied by context
2. Hebrew “the hin”

¹⁴ And you shall not eat bread or¹ roasted grain or² ripe grain until ⌞this very same day⌟,³ until you present your God’s offering. This must be ⌞a lasting statute⌟⁴ for your generations in all your dwellings.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “the exactly of this day”
4. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”

The Feast of Weeks

¹⁵ “ ‘And you shall count for yourselves ⌞from the day after⌟¹ the Sabbath, from the day of your bringing the wave offering’s sheaf—there shall be seven full weeks.

1. Literally “from the next day of”

¹⁶ Until ⌞the day after⌟¹ the seventh Sabbath you shall count fifty days; then² you shall present a new grain offering for Yahweh.

1. Literally “from the next day of”
2. Or “and”

¹⁷ You shall bring from your dwellings for a wave offering two loaves of bread ⌞made with⌟¹ two-tenths of an ephah² of finely milled flour; they must be baked with leaven—the firstfruits ⌞belonging to⌟³ Yahweh.

1. Literally “they shall be”
2. Supplied by context
3. Literally “to”

¹⁸ And, in addition to the bread, you shall present seven ⌞yearling⌟¹ male lambs without defects and one ⌞young bull⌟² and two rams—they shall be a burnt offering for Yahweh with³ their grain offering and their libations, an offering made by fire, an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.

1. Literally “a son of its year”
2. Literally “a bull a son of cattle”
3. Or “and”

¹⁹ And you shall ⌞offer⌟¹ one he-goat as a sin offering and two ⌞yearling⌟² male lambs as a sacrifice of fellowship offerings.

1. Or “sacrifice”; literally “do” or “make”
2. Literally “a son of its year”

²⁰ And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits as a wave offering ⌞before⌟¹ Yahweh; in addition to the two male lambs, they shall be holy for Yahweh for the priest.

1. Literally “to the faces of”

²¹ And ⌞you shall make a proclamation⌟¹ on ⌞this very same day⌟;² it shall be a holy assembly for you; you shall not do ⌞any regular work⌟;³ this is a ⌞lasting statute⌟⁴ in all your dwellings throughout⁵ your generations.

1. Literally “you shall proclaim”
2. Literally “the exactly of this day”
3. Literally “all work of labor”
4. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”
5. Or “for”

²² And when you¹ reap the harvest of your² land, you³ must not finish the edge of your⁴ field at your reaping, and you⁵ must not glean the remnants of your⁶ harvest—you⁷ shall leave them behind for the needy and for the alien; I am Yahweh your⁸ God.’ ”

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Singular
4. Singular
5. Singular
6. Singular
7. Singular
8. Plural

The Feast of Trumpets

²³ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁴ “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ⌞you must have⌟² a rest period, a remembrance of the trumpet blast, a holy assembly.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “it must be for yourselves”

²⁵ You must not do ⌞any regular work⌟,¹ and you shall present an offering made by fire to Yahweh.’ ”

1. Literally “all work of labor”

The Day of Atonement

²⁶ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

²⁷ “Surely the Day of Atonement is on the tenth day of the seventh month; it shall be a holy assembly for you, and you shall deny yourselves, and you shall present an offering made by fire to Yahweh.

²⁸ And you must not do ⌞any regular work⌟¹ on ⌞this very same day⌟,² because it is the Day of Atonement to make atonement for you ⌞before⌟³ Yahweh your God.

1. Literally “all work of labor”
2. Literally “the exactly of this day”
3. Literally “to the faces of”

²⁹ If there is any person who does not deny himself on ⌞this very same day⌟,¹ then² he shall be cut off from his people.

1. Literally “the exactly of this day”
2. Or “and”

³⁰ As for¹ any person who does any work on ⌞this very same day⌟,² I will exterminate that person from the midst of his people.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “the exactly of this day”

³¹ You must not do any work; it is a ⌞lasting statute⌟¹ throughout your generations in all your dwellings.

1. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”

³² It is ⌞a Sabbath of complete rest⌟¹ for you, and you shall deny yourselves on the ninth day of the month in the evening—from evening to evening you must observe your extraordinary² Sabbath.”

1. Literally “a Sabbath of ‘Sabbathation.’ ” “Sabbathation” is not a real word, but it is devised as an attempt to convey the sounds of the related nouns in the Hebrew phrase
2. Supplied from the immediate context within this verse

The Feast of Booths

³³ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

³⁴ “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘On the fifteenth day of the seventh month, this shall be the Feast of Booths for seven days for Yahweh.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³⁵ On the first day there shall be a holy assembly; you must not do any ⌞regular work⌟.¹

1. Literally “work of labor”

³⁶ For seven days you must present an offering made by fire to Yahweh. On the eighth day it shall be a holy assembly for you, and you shall present an offering made by fire to Yahweh; it is a celebration; you must not do ⌞any regular work⌟.¹

1. Literally “all work of labor”

Summary

³⁷ “ ‘These are Yahweh’s festivals, which you must proclaim, holy assemblies to present an offering made by fire to Yahweh—burnt offering and grain offering, sacrifice and libations, ⌞each on its proper day⌟¹—

1. Literally “a thing of a day on its day”

³⁸ ⌞besides⌟¹ Yahweh’s Sabbaths and ⌞besides⌟² your gifts and ⌞besides⌟³ your vows and ⌞besides⌟⁴ all your freewill offerings that you give to Yahweh.

1. Literally “from to alone”
2. Literally “from to alone”
3. Literally “from to alone”
4. Literally “from to alone”

³⁹ “ ‘Surely on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, at your gathering the land’s produce, you shall hold Yahweh’s festival for seven days; on the first day there shall be a rest period and on the eighth day a rest period.

⁴⁰ And on the first day you shall take for yourselves the first fruit of majestic trees, branches of palm trees and branches¹ of a leafy tree and of a brook’s poplar trees, and you shall rejoice ⌞before⌟² Yahweh your God for seven days.

1. Collective singular
2. Literally “to the faces of”

⁴¹ And you must hold it as a festival for Yahweh for seven days in the year; it shall be a ⌞lasting statute⌟¹ throughout your generations; in the seventh month you must hold it.

1. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”

⁴² You must live in the booths for seven days; all the natives in Israel must live in the booths,

⁴³ so that your generations shall know that I made the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ live in booths when I brought them from the land of Egypt; I am Yahweh your God.’ ”

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

⁴⁴ Thus¹ Moses announced to the ⌞Israelites⌟² Yahweh’s appointed times.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

The Sanctuary’s Lamp and Bread

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

² “Command the ⌞Israelites⌟¹ that² they should bring pure olive oil from beaten olives for the light to ⌞present⌟³ a lamp continually.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “to cause raising up”; or “set up” (HALOT 830 s.v. 4.d)

³ Aaron shall arrange for it ⌞outside⌟¹ the curtain of the testimony in the tent of assembly from evening until morning ⌞before⌟² Yahweh continually; it shall be a ⌞lasting statute⌟³ throughout your generations.

1. Literally “from the outside of to”
2. Literally “to the faces of”
3. Literally “a statute of eternity” or “a statute of long duration”

⁴ On the pure golden¹ lampstand he shall arrange for the lamps ⌞before⌟² Yahweh continually.

1. Supplied by context and the description of the lampstand in Exod 25:31
2. Literally “to the faces of”

⁵ “And you shall take finely milled flour, and you shall bake with it twelve ring-shaped bread cakes: each one shall be two-tenths of an ephah.

⁶ And you shall place them in two rows, six to the row, on the pure gold¹ table ⌞before⌟² Yahweh.

1. Supplied by context and the description of the table in Exod 25:24
2. Literally “to the faces of”

⁷ And you shall put pure frankincense on each¹ row so that² it shall be for the bread as a memorial offering, an offering made by fire for Yahweh.

1. Hebrew “the”
2. Or “and”

⁸ ⌞On every Sabbath⌟¹ he shall arrange it in rows ⌞before⌟² Yahweh continually; they are from the ⌞Israelites⌟³ as an everlasting⁴ covenant.

1. Literally “On the day of the Sabbath on the day of the Sabbath”
2. Literally “to the faces of”
3. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
4. Or “eternal” or “enduring” or “perpetual”

⁹ And it shall be for Aaron and for his sons, and they shall eat it in a holy place, because it is ⌞a most holy thing⌟¹ for him from Yahweh’s offerings made by fire—a ⌞lasting rule⌟.”²

1. Literally “a holy thing of holy things”
2. Literally “rule of eternity” or “rule of long duration”

Punishment for Blasphemy

¹⁰ And an Israelite woman’s son, and he was an Egyptian man’s son, went out in the midst of the ⌞Israelites⌟;¹ and the Israelite woman’s son and an² Israelite man fought in the camp.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Hebrew “the”

¹¹ Then¹ the Israelite woman’s son blasphemed the name, and he cursed, so² they brought him to Moses—and the name of his mother was Shelomith the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”

¹² Then¹ they put him in custody ⌞so that⌟² the matter might be made clear to them in accordance with the mouth of Yahweh.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “to”

¹³ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

1. Or “And”

¹⁴ “Bring the curser ⌞outside the camp⌟,¹ and all the hearers shall place their hands on his head, and the whole community shall stone him.

1. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”

¹⁵ And you shall speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ saying, ‘⌞Any man⌟² when he curses his God shall bear³ his sin.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Literally “A man a man”
3. Or “and he shall bear”

¹⁶ And he who blasphemes Yahweh’s name certainly shall be put to death; the whole community certainly shall stone him. As the alien, so the native shall be put to death at blaspheming his name.

¹⁷ “ ‘And when a man kills any human being, he certainly shall be put to death.

¹⁸ And ⌞he who kills⌟¹ a domestic animal must repay for it life in place of life.

1. Literally “he who kills the soul of” or “he who kills the life of”

¹⁹ And when a man ⌞causes⌟¹ a physical defect in his fellow citizen ⌞according to⌟² what he has done, so it shall be done to him:

1. Literally “gives”
2. Literally “as that”

²⁰ fracture in place of fracture, eye in place of eye, tooth in place of tooth—⌞according to⌟¹ the physical defect he ⌞causes⌟² to the person, likewise it shall be ⌞caused⌟³ to him.

1. Literally “as that”
2. Literally “gives”
3. Literally “given”

²¹ And a killer of a domestic animal must repay for it, and a killer of a human shall be put to death.

²² ⌞You must have⌟¹ one norm; as for the alien, so² it must be for the native, because I am Yahweh your God.’ ”

1. Literally “it shall be for you”
2. Hebrew “as”

²³ Thus¹ Moses spoke to the ⌞Israelites⌟,² and they brought the curser ⌞outside the camp⌟,³ and they stoned him with stones, and the ⌞Israelites⌟⁴ did just as Yahweh had commanded Moses.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
3. Literally “to from an outside place of the camp”
4. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

The Sabbath Year

¹ Then¹ Yahweh spoke to Moses on ⌞Mount Sinai⌟,² saying,

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “the mountain of Sinai”

² “Speak to the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹ and say to them, ‘When you² come into the land that I am about to give to you,³ then⁴ the land shall observe a Sabbath for Yahweh.

1. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
2. Plural
3. Plural
4. Or “and”

³ Six years you¹ shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard, and you shall gather its yield.

1. Singular throughout this verse

⁴ But¹ in the seventh year it shall be ⌞a Sabbath of complete rest⌟² for the land—a Sabbath for Yahweh; you³ must not sow your field, and you must not prune your vineyard.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “a Sabbath of ‘Sabbathation.’ ” “Sabbathation” is not a real word, but it is devised as an attempt to convey the sounds of the related nouns in the Hebrew phrase
3. Singular throughout this verse

⁵ You¹ must not reap your harvest’s aftergrowth, and you must not harvest the grapes of your unpruned vines—it shall be ⌞a year of complete rest⌟² for the land.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Literally “a year of a rest period”

⁶ And a Sabbath of the land shall be for food for you:¹ for you² and for your slave and for your slave woman and for your hired worker and for your temporary residents³ who are dwelling as aliens with you;

1. Plural
2. Singular here and through the rest of this verse
3. Collective singular; Hebrew “temporary resident”

⁷ and all its yield shall be for your¹ domestic animal and for the wild animal, which are in your land to eat.

1. Singular throughout this verse

The Year of Jubilee

⁸ “ ‘And you¹ shall count for yourself seven Sabbaths of years, seven times seven years, and they shall be for you ⌞time periods of⌟² years: ⌞forty-nine⌟³ years.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Literally “days of”
3. Literally “nine and forty”

⁹ And you¹ shall cause ⌞a loud horn blast⌟² to be heard on the seventh month on the tenth of the month; on the Day of Atonement you³ shall cause a ram’s horn to be heard in all your⁴ land.

1. Singular
2. Literally “a ram’s horn of a blast”
3. Plural
4. Plural

¹⁰ And you¹ shall consecrate the fiftieth year, and you shall proclaim a release in the land for all its inhabitants. It is a Jubilee; it shall be for you, and you shall return. You must return—everyone to his property and everyone to his clan.²

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Or “each of you must return to his property and to his clan”

¹¹ ⌞You¹ shall have the fiftieth year as a Jubilee⌟;² you must not reap its aftergrowth, and you must not harvest its unpruned vines.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Literally “a Jubilee it the year of the fiftieth year it shall be for you”

¹² Because it is a Jubilee, it shall be holy to you. You must eat its¹ produce from the field.

1. That is, the field’s

¹³ “ ‘In this Year of Jubilee ⌞each of you¹ shall return⌟² to his property.

1. Plural
2. Literally “you shall return a man” or “you shall return everyone”

¹⁴ And when you¹ sell something to your² fellow citizen or you buy from your³ neighbor’s hand, you⁴ must not oppress ⌞one another⌟.⁵

1. Plural
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Plural
5. Literally “a man his brother”

¹⁵ You¹ must buy from your fellow citizen according to the number of years after the Jubilee; he must sell to you according to the number of years of yield.

1. Singular throughout this verse

¹⁶ You¹ must increase its price ⌞according to a greater number of years⌟,² but³ you must decrease its price ⌞according to a lesser number of years⌟,⁴ because he is selling its yields to you.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Literally “to the mouth of many of the years”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “to the mouth of few of the years”

¹⁷ And you¹ must not oppress ⌞one another⌟,² but³ you⁴ shall revere your God, because I am Yahweh, your⁵ God.

1. Plural
2. Literally “a man his citizen”
3. Or “and”
4. Singular
5. Plural

¹⁸ “ ‘And you¹ shall do my statutes, and you must keep my regulations, and you shall do them, so that² you shall live ⌞securely⌟³ on the land.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “with confidence”

¹⁹ And the land shall give its fruit, and you¹ shall eat ⌞your fill⌟,² and you shall live ⌞securely⌟³ on it.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Literally “to contentment”
3. Literally “with confidence”

²⁰ And if you¹ should say, “What shall we eat in the seventh year, ⌞if⌟² we do not sow and we do not gather its yield?”

1. Plural
2. Literally “look”

²¹ then¹ I will command my blessing for you² in the sixth year, so that³ it will make⁴ the yield for three years.

1. Or “and”
2. Plural
3. Or “and”
4. Or “produce”

²² And you¹ will sow in the eighth year, and you shall eat from the old yield;² until the ninth year, until the coming of its yield, you shall eat the old yield.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. The verse divides here

²³ “ ‘But¹ the land must not be sold in² perpetuity, because the land is mine, because you³ are aliens and temporary residents with me.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “for”
3. Plural

²⁴ And in all your¹ property’s land you² must provide redemption for the land.

1. Plural
2. Plural

²⁵ “ ‘When your¹ brother becomes poor and he sells part of his property, then² ⌞his nearest redeemer⌟³ shall come, and he shall redeem the thing sold by his brother.

1. Singular
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “his redeemer the nearest to him”

²⁶ But¹ if² a man ⌞does not have⌟³ a redeemer, then⁴ ⌞he prospers⌟⁵ and he finds enough for his redemption,

1. Or “And”
2. Or “when”
3. Literally “it is not for him”
4. Or “and”
5. Literally “his hand produces”

²⁷ then¹ he shall calculate the years of its selling, and he shall refund the balance to the man to whom he sold it, and he shall return to his property.

1. Or “and”

²⁸ But¹ if his hand does not find enough to refund to him, then² ⌞what he has sold⌟³ shall be in the buyer’s hand until the Year of Jubilee; and it shall go out of the buyer’s hand⁴ in the Jubilee, and he shall return to his property.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “his thing sold”
4. Meaning derived from context; an alternative translation could be “shall not be released” (cf. NKJV, NRSV, ESV, NJPS) or “shall not revert” (NASB, NET)

²⁹ “ ‘And if a man sells ⌞a residential house in a walled city⌟,¹ then² it shall be his redemption until completing ⌞a year after his selling⌟;³ its redemption ⌞shall last⌟⁴ ⌞a year⌟.⁵

1. Literally “a house of a dwelling of a city wall”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “a year of his selling”
4. Literally “shall be”
5. Literally “days”

³⁰ But¹ if it is not redeemed ⌞before a full year has passed⌟,² then³ the house that is ⌞in the walled city⌟⁴ shall belong to the buyer in⁵ perpetuity throughout his generations; it shall not go out of the buyer’s hand⁶ in the Jubilee.

1. Or “And”
2. Literally “until the fulfilling of for him/it an entire year”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “in the city that for it a wall”
5. Hebrew “for”
6. Meaning derived from context; an alternative translation could be “shall not be released” (cf. NKJV, NRSV, ESV, NJPS) or “shall not revert” (NASB, NET)

³¹ However,¹ village houses that have no surrounding wall shall be considered ⌞open country⌟;² there is redemption for it, and in the Jubilee it shall go out of the buyer’s hand.³

1. Or “And” or “But”
2. Literally “the field of the land”
3. Meaning derived from context; an alternative translation could be “shall not be released” (cf. NKJV, NRSV, ESV, NJPS) or “shall not revert” (NASB, NET)

³² “ ‘As for¹ the cities of the Levites, that is, the houses in² their property’s cities, it shall be ⌞a lasting redemption⌟³ for the Levites.

1. Or “And”
2. Hebrew “of”
3. Or “a permanent redemption”; literally “redemption of eternity” or “redemption of long duration”

³³ And whatever anyone redeems from the Levites then¹ must go out of the buyer’s hand² in the Jubilee, including a house’s selling ⌞in his city’s property⌟,³ because the houses in⁴ the cities of the Levites are their property in the midst of the ⌞Israelites⌟.⁵

1. Or “and”
2. Meaning derived from context; an alternative translation could be “shall not be released” (cf. NKJV, NRSV, ESV, NJPS) or “shall not revert” (NASB, NET)
3. Literally “the city of his property”
4. Hebrew “of”
5. Literally “sons/children of Israel”

³⁴ But¹ a² field of their cities’ pastureland must not be sold, because ⌞it is their property for all time⌟.³

1. Or “And”
2. Hebrew “the”
3. Literally “a property of eternity it is for them” or “a property of long duration it is for them”

³⁵ “ ‘And if your¹ countryman² becomes poor and ⌞if he becomes dependent on you⌟,³ then⁴ you shall support him like an alien and like a temporary resident, and he shall live with you.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Or “brother”
3. Literally “and his hand is shaky with you”
4. Or “and”

³⁶ You¹ must not take interest or² usury from him, but³ you shall revere your God, and your countryman⁴ shall live with you.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Or “and”
3. Or “and”
4. Or “brother”

³⁷ You¹ must not give your money to him with interest or² give your food for³ profit.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Or “and”
3. Or “in” or “with”

³⁸ I am Yahweh your¹ God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt to give ⌞you⌟² the land of Canaan, to be as God for you.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Literally “to you”

³⁹ “ ‘And if your¹ countryman² who is with you becomes poor, and he is sold to you, ⌞you shall not treat him as a slave⌟.³

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Or “brother”
3. Literally “you shall not let him work the work of a slave” or “you shall not enslave him the work of a slave”

⁴⁰ He shall be with you like a hired worker, like a temporary resident; he shall work with you until the Year of Jubilee.

⁴¹ And he and his sons with him shall go out from you, and he shall return to his clan, and to the property of his ancestors¹ he shall return.

1. Or “fathers”

⁴² Because they are my servants whom I brought out from the land of Egypt, they shall not be sold ⌞as a slave⌟.¹

1. Literally “a selling of a slave”

⁴³ You¹ shall not rule over him with ruthlessness, but² you shall revere your God.

1. Singular throughout this verse
2. Or “and”

⁴⁴ “ ‘As for¹ your² slave and your³ slave woman who are⁴ yours,⁵ from the nations that are all around you,⁶ from them you⁷ may buy a slave or⁸ a slave woman.

1. Or “And”
2. Singular
3. Singular
4. Or “may be” (permission; cf. NASU, ESV, NRSV) or “can be” (ability)
5. Singular
6. Plural
7. Plural
8. Or “and”

⁴⁵ And you¹ may buy also from the children² of the temporary residents who are dwelling with you as aliens and from their clan who are with you, who have children in your land; indeed,³ they may be as property for you.

1. Plural throughout this verse
2. Or “sons”
3. Or “and”

⁴⁶ And you¹ may pass them on as an inheritance to your² sons³ after you⁴ to take possession of as property ⌞for all time⌟⁵—you⁶ may let them work. But⁷ as for your⁸ countrymen,⁹ the ⌞Israelites⌟,¹⁰ you¹¹ shall not rule with ruthlessness over ⌞one another⌟.¹²

1. Plural
2. Plural
3. Or “children”
4. Plural
5. Literally “to eternity” or “forever” or “for a long duration”
6. Plural
7. Or “And”
8. Plural
9. Or “brothers”
10. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
11. Singular
12. Literally “a man over his brother”

⁴⁷ “ ‘And if the alien or¹ the temporary resident who are with you² ⌞prosper⌟,³ but⁴ your countryman⁵ who is with him becomes poor and he is sold to an alien, a temporary resident who is with you, or to a descendant of an alien’s clan,

1. Or “and”
2. Singular throughout this verse
3. Literally “the hand produces”
4. Or “and”
5. Or “brother”

⁴⁸ after he is sold redemption shall be for him; one of his brothers may redeem him,

⁴⁹ or his uncle or his uncle’s son may redeem him, or ⌞one of⌟¹ ⌞his close relatives⌟² from his clan may redeem him; or if ⌞he prospers⌟,³ he may redeem himself.

1. Literally “from”
2. Literally “the direct relative of his flesh”
3. Literally “his hand produces”

⁵⁰ And he shall calculate with his buyer from the year of ⌞his selling himself⌟¹ until the Jubilee; and the value of his selling shall be according to the number of years—it shall be with him like² a hired worker’s days.

1. Literally “his being sold for him”
2. Or “as”

⁵¹ If there are still many years, ⌞in keeping with them⌟¹ he shall restore his redemption ⌞in proportion to his purchase price⌟.²

1. Literally “to the mouth of them”
2. Literally “from the price of his acquisition”

⁵² And if there are a few years left until the Year of Jubilee, then¹ he shall calculate for himself; he shall restore his redemption ⌞according to the number of his years⌟.²

1. Or “and”
2. Literally “according to the mouth of his years”

⁵³ He shall be with him ⌞as a yearly hired worker⌟;¹ he shall not rule over him with ruthlessness ⌞in your² sight⌟.³

1. Literally “as a hired worker of a year in a year”
2. Singular
3. Literally “to your eyes” or “for your eyes”

⁵⁴ And if he is not redeemed by¹ any of these ways,² then³ he and his sons with him shall go out in the Year of Jubilee.

1. Or “in”
2. Bracketed words provided from the sense of the context
3. Or “and”

⁵⁵ Indeed,¹ the ⌞Israelites⌟² are servants for me; they are my servants whom I brought out from the land of Egypt. I am Yahweh your³ God.’ ”

1. Emphatic use of כִּי, since there is no indication of direct causation to only what precedes in vv. 47–54; or “Because”
2. Literally “sons/children of Israel”
3. Plural

Blessings for Obedience

¹ “ ‘You¹ shall not make for yourselves idols and divine images, and you shall not raise up stone pillars for yourselves, and you shall not put a sculptured stone in your land in order to² worship before it, because I am Yahweh your God.

1. Plural throughout the entire chapter
2. Or “to”

² “ ‘You shall keep my Sabbaths, and you shall revere my sanctuary; I am Yahweh.

³ “ ‘If you walk in my statutes and you keep my commands and you do them,

⁴ then¹ I will give you rains in their time, and the land shall give its produce, and the trees of the field shall give their fruit.

1. Or “and”

⁵ And for you the threshing season shall overtake the grape harvest, and the grape harvest shall overtake the sowing, and you shall eat your food ⌞to your fill⌟¹ and you shall live ⌞securely⌟² in your land.

1. Literally “to contentment”
2. Literally “with confidence”

⁶ And I will give peace in the land, and you shall lie down, and there shall not be ⌞anybody who makes you afraid⌟,¹ and I will remove harmful animals from the land, and ⌞no sword shall pass through your land⌟.²

1. Literally “who makes afraid” or “making afraid”
2. Literally “a sword shall not pass through in your land”

⁷ And you shall pursue your enemies, and they shall fall by the sword ⌞before you⌟.¹

1. Literally “to your faces”

⁸ And five of¹ you shall pursue a hundred, and a hundred of² you shall pursue a myriad;³ and your enemies shall fall by the sword ⌞before you⌟.⁴

1. Hebrew “from”
2. Hebrew “from”
3. Or “ten thousand”
4. Literally “to your faces”

⁹ And I will turn to you, and I will make you fruitful, and I will make you numerous; and I will keep my covenant with you.

¹⁰ And you shall eat ⌞old grain⌟,¹ and ⌞you shall clear away the old before the new⌟.²

1. Literally “old what is stale”
2. Literally “old from the faces of new you shall bring out”

¹¹ And I will put my dwelling place in your midst, and my inner self¹ shall not abhor you.

1. Or “soul”

¹² And I will walk about in your midst, and I shall be your God,¹ and you shall be my people.²

1. Or “as a God for you”
2. Or “as a people for me”

¹³ I am Yahweh, your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, from being their slaves; and I broke the bars of your yoke, and I caused you to walk erectly.

Punishment for Disobedience

¹⁴ “ ‘But¹ if you do not listen to me and you do not carry out² all these commands,

1. Or “And”
2. Or “you do not do” or “you do not observe” or “you do not perform”

¹⁵ and if you reject my statutes and if your inner self¹ abhors my regulations, to not carry out² all my commands by your breaking my covenant,

1. Or “soul”
2. Or “do” or “observe” or “perform”

¹⁶ I ⌞in turn⌟¹ will do this to you: then² I will summon onto you horror, the wasting disease, and the fever that wastes eyes and that drains away life; and you shall sow your seed ⌞in vain⌟,³ and your enemies shall eat it.

1. Literally “also” or “indeed”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “for the emptiness”

¹⁷ And I will set my face against you, and you shall be defeated ⌞before⌟¹ your enemies; and your haters shall rule over you, and you shall flee away, but² there shall not be ⌞anybody who is pursuing⌟³ you.

1. Literally “to the faces of”
2. Or “and”
3. Literally “who pursues” or “pursuing”

¹⁸ “ ‘And if in spite of these things you do not listen to me, then¹ I will continue to discipline you seven times for your sins.

1. Or “and”

¹⁹ And I will break the pride of your strength; and I will make your heaven like iron¹ and your land like copper.

1. Or “iron ore”

²⁰ And your strength shall be consumed ⌞in vain⌟;¹ and your land shall not give its produce, and the land’s trees shall not give their fruit.

1. Literally “to the emptiness”

²¹ “ ‘And if you go against me in hostility and you are not willing to listen to me, then¹ I will add a plague onto you seven times according to your sins.

1. Or “and”

²² And I will send ⌞wild animals⌟¹ out among you, and they shall make you childless, and they shall cut down your domestic animals, and they shall make you fewer; and your roads shall be desolate.

1. Literally “the animals of the field”

²³ “ ‘And if you do not accept correction from¹ me through these things, but² you go against me in hostility,

1. Hebrew “for” or “to”
2. Or “and”

²⁴ then¹ I myself² will also go against you in hostility, and I myself³ also will strike you seven times for your sins.

1. Or “and”
2. Emphatic personal pronoun
3. Emphatic personal pronoun

²⁵ And I will bring upon you a sword that seeks vengeance for the covenant, and you shall be gathered to your cities; and I will send a plague in your midst, and you shall be given into the hand of an enemy.

²⁶ At my breaking the ⌞supply⌟¹ of bread² for you, then³ ten women shall bake your bread in one oven, and they shall return your bread by weight; and you shall eat it, and you shall not be satisfied.

1. Literally “staff”
2. Or “food”
3. Or “and”

²⁷ “ ‘And if through this you do not listen to me and you go against me in hostility,

²⁸ then¹ I will go against you in hostile anger, and also² I myself³ will discipline you seven times for your sins.

1. Or “and”
2. Or “surely”
3. Emphatic personal pronoun

²⁹ And you shall eat the flesh of your sons; and the flesh of your daughters you shall eat.

³⁰ And I will destroy your high places, and I will cut down your incense altars, and I will place your corpses on your idols’ corpses; and my inner self¹ shall abhor you.

1. Or “soul”

³¹ And I will lay your cities in ruins, and I will lay waste your sanctuaries; and I shall not smell your sacrifices’¹ appeasing fragrance.

1. Implied by the use of the same phraseology in regard to the sacrifices in the early chapters of the book

³² And I myself¹ will lay waste the land, and your enemies who are living in it shall be appalled over it.

1. Emphatic personal pronoun

³³ And I will scatter you among the nations, and I will draw a sword behind you; and your land shall be a desolation, and your cities shall be a ruin.

³⁴ Then the land shall enjoy its Sabbaths all the days of its lying desolate, and you shall be in the land of your enemies; then the land shall rest, and it shall enjoy its Sabbaths.

³⁵ All the days of its lying desolate it shall rest for the time¹ that it had not rested during your Sabbaths while you were living on it.

1. Implied by context

³⁶ As for¹ the ones who remain among you, I will bring² fearfulness in their hearts in the land of their enemies; and a sound of a windblown leaf shall pursue them, and they shall flee like flight ⌞before⌟³ a sword, and they shall fall, but⁴ there shall not be a pursuer.

1. Or “And”
2. Or “and I will bring”
3. Literally “of”
4. Or “and”

³⁷ And they shall stumble over ⌞one another⌟¹ as ⌞from before⌟² a sword, but³ there shall not be a pursuer; and ⌞you shall have no resistance⌟⁴ ⌞before⌟⁵ your enemies.

1. Literally “a man on his brother”
2. Literally “from the faces of”
3. Or “and”
4. Literally “it shall not be for you resistance”
5. Literally “to the faces of”

³⁸ And you shall perish among the nations, and the land of your enemies shall eat you.

³⁹ And because of their guilt, the ones among you who remain shall decay in the land of their enemies; and also because of the iniquities of their ancestors,¹ they shall decay with them.

1. Or “fathers”

⁴⁰ “ ‘But¹ when they confess their guilt and the guilt of their ancestors² in their infidelity that they displayed against me, and moreover that they went against me in hostility—

1. Or “And”
2. Or “fathers”

⁴¹ I myself¹ also² went against them in hostility, and I brought them into the land of their enemies—or if then their uncircumcised heart is humbled and then they pay for their guilt,

1. Emphatic personal pronoun
2. Or “surely”

⁴² I will remember¹ my covenant with Jacob; and I will remember also my covenant with Isaac and also my covenant with Abraham, and I will remember the land.

1. Or “and I will remember”

⁴³ And the land shall be deserted by them, and it shall enjoy its Sabbaths in its being desolate from them, and they themselves¹ must pay for their guilt, ⌞simply because⌟² they rejected my regulations, and their inner self³ abhorred my statutes.

1. Emphatic personal pronoun
2. Literally “because and in because”
3. Or “soul”

⁴⁴ And ⌞in spite of⌟¹ this, ⌞when they are⌟² in the land of their enemies I will not reject them, and I will not abhor them to destroy them, to break my covenant with them, because I am Yahweh their God.

1. Literally “also even” or “moreover also” or “moreover even”
2. Literally “in their being”

⁴⁵ And I will remember the first covenant for them¹—whom I brought out from the land of Egypt ⌞in the sight of⌟² the nations ⌞to be their God⌟.³ I am Yahweh.’ ”