σάββατον

σάββατον — sábbaton

σάββατον, σαββάτου, τό (Hebrew שַׁבָּת), found in the N. T. only in the historical books except twice in Paul's Epistles; sabbath; i. e.:

1. the seventh day of each week, which was a sacred festival on which the Israelites were required to abstain from all work (Exo 20:10; Exo 31:13; Deu 5:14);

a. singular σάββατον and τό σάββατον: Mar 6:2; ( L Tr); Mar 16:1; Joh 5:9 f, etc.; equivalent to the institution of the sabbath, the law for keeping holy every seventh day of the week: Mat 12:8; Mar 2:27; Luk 6:5; λύειν, Joh 5:18; τηρεῖν, Joh 9:16; ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ σαββάτου (הַשַּׁבָּת יום, Exo 20:8 and often), the day of the sabbath, sabbath-day, Luk 13:16; Luk 14:5; ὁδός σαββάτου, a sabbath-day's journey, the distance it is lawful to travel on the sabbath-day, i. e. according to the Talmud two thousand cubits or paces, according to Epiphanius (haer. 66, 82) six stadia: Act 1:12, cf. Mat 24:20 (the regulation was derived from Exo 16:29); cf. Winers RWB, under the word Sabbathsweg; Oehler in Herzog xiii., 203f (cf. Leyrer in Herzog edition 2 vol. 9:379); Mangold in Sehenkel v., 127f; (Ginsburg in Alexander's Kitto under the word Sabbath Day's Journey; Lumby on Act 1:12 (in Cambr. Bible for Schools)). as dative of time (Winers Grammar, § 31, 9 b.; Buttmann, § 133, 26): σαββάτῳ, Mat 24:20 (G L T Tr WH); Luk 14:1; τῷ σαββάτῳ, Luk 6:9 L text T Tr WH; Luk 13:14; Luk 14:3; Act 13:44; ἐν σαββάτῳ, Mat 12:2; Joh 5:16; Joh 7:22 (here L WH brackets ἐν),23; ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ, Luk 6:7; Joh 19:31, accusative τό σάββατον during (on) the sabbath (cf. Buttmann, § 131, 11; Winer's Grammar, § 32,6): Luk 23:56; κατά πᾶν σάββατον every sabbath, Act 13:27; Act 15:21; Act 18:4. plural τά σάββατα, of several sabbaths, Act 17:2 (some refer this to 2).

b. plural, τά σαββάτων (for the singular) of a single sabbath, sabbath-day (the use of the plural being occasioned either by the plural names of festivals, as τά ἐγκαίνια, ἄζυμα, γενέσια, or by the Chaldaic form שַׁבָּתָא (Winers Grammar, 177 (167); Buttmann, 23 (21))): Mat 28:1; Col 2:16 (Exo 20:10; Lev 23:32 etc.; τήν ἑβδόμην σάββατα καλουμεν, Josephus, Antiquities 3, 6, 6; add, 1, 1, 1; (14, 10, 25; Philo de Abrah. § 5; de cherub. § 26; Plutarch, de superstitione 8); τήν τῶν σαββάτων ἑορτήν, Plutarch, symp. 4, 6, 2; hodie tricesima sabbata, Horace sat. 1, 9, 69; nowhere so used by John except in the phrase μία τῶν σαββάτων, on which see 2 below); ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων, Luk 4:16; Act 13:14; Act 16:13 (Exo 20:8; Exo 35:3; Deu 5:12; Jer 17:21 f); τοῖς σάββασιν and ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν (so constantly (except Lachmann in Mat 12:1; Mat 12:12) by metaplasm for σαββάτοις, cf. Winers Grammar, 63 (62); (Buttmann, 23 (21))) on the sabbath-day: Mat 12:1(see above),5, 10-12 (see above); Mar 1:21; Mar 2:23; Mar 3:2; Mar 3:4; Luk 4:31; Luk 6:9 (R G L marginal reading) (1Ma 2:38; the Sept. uses the form σαββάτοις, and Josephus both forms). On the precepts of the Jews with regard to the observance of the sabbath, which were for the most part extremely punctilious and minute, cf. Winers RWB, under the word Sabbath; Oehler in Herzog xiii. 192ff (revised by Orelli in edition 2 vol. xiii. 156ff); Schürer, Zeitgesch. 2te Aufl. § 28 II.; Mangold in Schenkel see, p. 123f; (BB. DD., under the word; Geikie, Life and Words of Christ, chapter xxxviii. vol. ii: p. 95ff; Farrar, Life of Christ, chapter xxxi. vol. i., p. 432f; Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah, vol. ii., p. 56ff and Appendix, xvii.).

2. seven days, a week: πρώτη σαββάτου, Mar 16:9; δίς τοῦ σαββάτου, twice in the week, Luk 18:12. The plural is used in the same sense in the phrase ἡ μία τῶν σαββάτων, the first day of the week (see εἷς, 5) (Prof. Sophocles regards the genitive (dependent on ἡμέρα) in such examples as those that follow (cf. Mar 16:9 above) as equivalent to μετά with an accusative, the first day after the sabbath; see his Lex., p. 43 par. 6): Mat 28:1; Mar 16:2; Luk 24:1; Joh 20:1; Joh 20:19; Act 20:7; κατά μίαν σαββάτων (L T Tr WH σαββάτου), on the first day of every week, 1Co 16:2.