¹ Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated to the gospel of God,

² (Which he had promised before by his prophets in the holy scriptures,)

³ Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh;

⁴ And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:¹

1. declared: Gr. determined

⁵ By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name:¹

1. for obedience...: or, to the obedience of faith

⁶ Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers;¹

1. with: or, in

¹⁰ Making request, if by any means now at length I may have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that ye may be established;

¹² That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me.¹

1. with: or, in

¹³ Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that I have often purposed to come to you, (but was hindered until now,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.¹

1. among: or, in

¹⁴ I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God to salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in this is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;

¹⁹ Because that which may be known of God is evident in them; for God hath shown it to them.¹

1. in them: or, to them

²⁰ For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:¹

1. so...: or, that they may be

²¹ Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ And changed the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like corruptible man, and birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:

²⁵ Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.¹

1. more: or, rather

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up to vile affections: for even their women changed the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was due.

²⁸ And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a debased mind, to do those things which are not proper;¹²

1. to retain: or, to acknowledge
2. a reprobate...: or, a mind void of judgment or, an unapproving mind

²⁹ Being filled with all unrighteousness, immorality, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malignity; whisperers,

³⁰ Backbiters, haters of God, insolent, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,

³¹ Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:¹

1. without natural...: or unsociable

³² Who knowing the judgment of God, that they who commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.¹

1. have...: or, consent with