κατά

κατά — katá

κατά (on its neglect of elision before a vowel see Tdf, Proleg., p. 95; cf. Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.; a. 10; WH's Appendix, p. 146a), a preposition denoting motion or diffusion or direction from the higher to the lower; as in classical Greek, joined with the genitive and the accusative.

I. With the genitive (Winer's Grammar, § 47, k., p. 381 (357); (B, § 147, 20));

1. properly,

a. down from, down: κατά τοῦ κρημνοῦ, Mat 8:32; Mar 5:13; Luk 8:33; κατεχην κατά τῆς κεφαλῆς (so that it flowed down from his head (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357) note); but it is more correct here to omit κατά with L T Tr WH; see καταχέω), Mar 14:3; hence κατά κεφαλῆς (a veil hanging down from his entry) ἔχων, 1Co 11:4 ((A. V. having his head covered) cf. καταπέτασμα (or rather κάλυμμα (which see), but see ἔχω, I. 1 b.)).

b. down upon (down into) anything: Act 27:14 (Winers Grammar, 381 (357) note{1}; cf. B. D. American edition, under the word ); tropically, ἡ κατά βάθους πτωχεία reaching down into the depth, i. e. deep or extreme poverty, 2Co 8:2 (cf. Strabo 9, 5, p. 419 ἐστι τό μαντεῖον ἄντρον κοῖλον κατά βάθους).

c. used of motion or extension through a space from top to bottom; hence through, throughout: in the N. T. (and in Luke's writings; Buttmann, § 147, 20) everywhere with the adjective ὅλος, as καθ' ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, τῆς Ἰόππης, Luk 4:14; Luk 23:5; Act 9:31; Act 10:37 (διεσπάρησαν κατά τῆς νήσου, Polybius 3, 19, 7; ἐσκεδάσμενοι κατά τῆς χώρας, 1, 17, 10; 3, 76, 10; μή παραβαίνειν τάς ἁμαροτροχιας, ἀλλά κατ' αὐτῶν ἰέναι, Aelian v. h. 2, 27).

2. metaphorically,

a. after verbs of swearing, adjuring (the hand being, as it were, placed down upon the thing sworn by (cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 238; Kühner, § 433 at the end)), by: Mat 26:63; Heb 6:13; Heb 6:16 (Isa 45:23; 2Ch 36:13; Jdt 1:12; Demosthenes 553, 17; 554, 23).

b. against (properly, down upon (Winer's Grammar, 382 (358)); Hebrew עַל): opposed to ὑπέρ, Mar 9:40; 2Co 13:8; Rom 8:31; opposed to μετά, Mat 12:30; Luk 11:23; after ἐπιθυμεῖν, Gal 5:17; εἰπεῖν πονηρόν (ῤῆμα), Mat 5:11; λαλεῖν, Act 6:13; Jud 1:15; μαρτυρία, Mar 14:55; Mat 26:59; μαρτυρεῖν, 1Co 15:15 (here many take κατά equivalent to with regard to, of; cf. DeWette at the passage; Lob. ad Phryn., p. 272); ψευδομαρτύρειν, Mar 14:56 f; γογγύζειν, Mat 20:11 (Exo 15:24 Alex.); διδάσκειν, Act 21:28; ψεύδεσθαι, Jas 3:14 (Xenophon, Apology 13); συμβούλιον λαβεῖν or ποιεῖν, Mat 27:1; Mar 3:6; αἰτεῖσθαι τί, Act 25:3; Act 25:15; after verbs of accusing, etc.: ἔχειν τί, Mat 5:23; Mar 11:25; Rev 2:4; Rev 2:14; Rev 2:20; κατηγορεῖν, Luk 23:14; κατηγορία, Joh 18:29 (Tdf. omits κατά); ἐγκάλειν, Rom 8:33; ἐντυγχάνειν τίνι, Rom 11:2; add, Act 24:1; Act 25:2; Jas 5:9; τό χειρόγραφον, Col 2:14; κρίσιν ποιεῖν, Jud 1:15; after verbs of rebelling, fighting, prevailing: Mat 10:35; Mat 12:25; Act 14:2; 1Co 4:6; 2Co 10:5; 1Pe 2:11; (Rev 12:7 Rec.); ἰσχύειν, Act 19:16; ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν, Joh 19:11.

II. With the accusative; cf. Winers Grammar, § 49 d.; Bernhardy (1829), p. 239ff

1. of place;

a. of the place through which anything is done or is extended (properly, down through; opposed to ἀνά, up through): καθ' ὅλην τήν πόλιν κηρύσσειν, Luk 8:39; ἐκφέρειν κατά τάς πλατείας, Act 5:15 (R G); add, Luk 9:6; Luk 13:22; Luk 15:14; Act 8:1; Act 11:1; Act 15:23; Act 21:21; Act 24:5; Act 24:12; Act 27:2; τούς κατά τά ἔθνη (throughout Gentile lands) πάντας Ἰουδαίους, Act 21:21, cf. Grimm on 2Ma 1:1; κατά τήν ὁδόν, along the way i. e. on the journey (Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}), Luk 10:4; Act 8:36; Act 25:3; Act 26:13; along (Latinsecundum orpraeter (R. V. off)), πέλαγος τό κατά τήν Κιλικίαν, Act 27:5.

b. of the place to which one is brought (down): γενόμενος (Tr WH omit γ.) κατά τόν τόπον (ἐλθών etc.), Luk 10:32 (cf. Field, Otium Norv. Pars iii at the passage); ἐλθόντες κατά τήν Μυσίαν, Act 16:7; κατά τήν Κνίδον, Act 27:7; κατ' αὐτόν (came) to him, i. e. to the place where he was lying, Luk 10:33.

c. of direction; toward: Λιβύη ἡ κατά Κυρήνην, that Libya which lay toward Cyrene, i. e. Libya of Cyrene (i. e. the chief city of which was Cyrene), Act 2:10; βλέπειν, to look, lie toward (see βλέπω, 3), Act 27:12; πορεύεσθαι κατά μεσημβρίαν, Act 8:26; κατά σκοπόν, toward the goal, my eye on the goal, Php 3:14. against (Latinadversus with the accusative); over against, opposite: κατά πρόσωπον, to the face, Gal 2:11 (see πρόσωπον, 1 a.); equivalent to present, Act 25:16 (A. V. face to face); 2Co 10:1; with the genitive of person added, before the face of, in the presence of, one: Luk 2:31; Act 3:13; τά κατά πρόσωπον, the things that are open to view, known to all, 2Co 10:7; κατ' ὀφθαλμούς, before the eyes, Gal 3:1; here, too, according to some (cf. Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{3}) belongs κατά Θεόν, Rom 8:27, but it is more correctly referred to 3 c. α. below.

d. of the place where: κατ' οἶκον (opposed to ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ), at home, privately (Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}), Act 2:46; Act 5:42.

e. of that which so joins itself to one thing as to separate itself from another; our for, by: κατ' ἰδίαν, apart, see ἴδιος, 2; καθ' ἑαυτόν, alone (by himself), Act 28:16; Jas 2:17 (R. V. in itself) (2Ma 13:13; οἱ καθ' αὑτούς Ἕλληνες, Thucydides 1, 138; οἱ Βοιωτοι καθ' αὑτούς, Diodorus 13, 72; other examples are given by Alberti, Observations, etc., p. 293; Loesner, Observations, e Philone, p. 460f); ἔχειν τί καθ' ἑαυτόν, to have a thing by and to oneself, i. e. to keep it hidden in one's mind, Rom 14:22 (Josephus, Antiquities 2, 11, 1; Heliodorus 7, 16; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 401 (375) note{1})); hence, of that which belongs to some person or thing: κατά τήν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν, belonging to (A. V. in) the church that was there, Act 13:1; ἡ ἐκκλησία κατ' οἶκον τίνος, belonging to one's household (see ἐκκλησία, 4 b. aa.); hence it forms a periphrasis — now for the genitive, as τά κατά Ἰουδαίους ἔθη (equivalent to τῶν Ἰουδαίων), Act 26:3; now for the possessive pronoun, οἱ καθ' ὑμᾶς ποιηταί, your own poets, Act 17:28 (here WH marginal reading καθ' ἡμᾶς, see their Introductory § 404); νόμου τοῦ καθ' ὑμᾶς (a law of your own), Act 18:15; τό κατ' ἐμέ πρόθυμον, my inclination, Rom 1:15 (see πρόθυμος); ἡ καθ' ὑμᾶς πίστις, Eph 1:15 (ἡ κατά τόν τύραννον ὠματης τέ καί δύναμις, Diodorus 14, 12; μέχρι τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνων, Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 2, 1; cf. Grimm on 2Ma 4:21, p. 88; a throng of examples from Polybius may be seen in Schweighaeuser, Lex. Polybius, p. 323f; (cf. Winers Grammar, 154 (146); 400 (374) note{2}; especially Buttmann, § 132, 2)).

2. of Time (cf. Winers Grammar, 401 (374)); during, about; Latintempore: κατ' ἐκεῖνον, or τοῦτον τόν καιρόν, Act 12:1; Act 19:23; Rom 9:9; Heb 9:9 (R G); κατά τό αὐτό, at the same time, together, Act 14:1 (see αὐτός, III. 1); κατά τό μεσονύκτιον, Act 16:25; κατά μέσον τῆς νυκτός, Act 27:27; (possibly also κατά μεσημβρίαν, at noon, Act 8:26 (see μεσημβρία, b.)); κατά καιρόν, see καιρός, 2 a.; κατ' ἀρχάς (Herodotus 3, 153), in the beginning (of things), Heb 1:10; κατά τήν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ, Heb 3:8 (as the Sept. in this passage have rendered the preposition כְּ in the context by ὡς (ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ, Psa 94:8 ), some would take it and κατά here equivalent to like as in the day etc.; Vulg.secundum); κατά πᾶν σάββατον, Act 13:27; Act 15:21; Act 18:4; καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, Heb 3:13; κατά μῆνα (ἕνα) ἕκαστον, Rev 22:2; κατ' ὄναρ, during a dream, see ὄναρ.

3. it denotes reference, relation, proportion, of various sorts;

a. distributively, indicating a succession of things following one another (Winers Grammar, 401 (374); Buttmann, § 147, 20); α, in reference to place: κατά πόλιν, in every city (city by city, from city to city), Luk 8:1; Luk 8:4; Act 15:21; Act 20:23; Tit 1:5 (Thucydides 1, 122); κατ' ἐκκλησίαν, in every church, Act 14:23; with the plural, κατά πόλεις, Luk 13:22; κατά τάς κώμας, Luk 9:6 (Herodotus 1, 96); κατά τόπους, Mat 24:7; Mar 13:8; Luk 21:11; κατά τάς συναγωγάς, in every synagogue, Act 22:19; (cf. κατά τούς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος, Act 8:3). β. in reference to time: κατ' ἔτος, yearly, year by year, Luk 2:41; also κατ' ἐνιαυτόν (see ἐνιαυτός); καθ' ἡμέραν etc., see ἡμέρα, 2, p. 278{a}; κατά μίαν σαββάτου (R G σαββάτων), on the first day of every week, 1Co 16:2; κατά ἑορτήν, at any and every feast, Mat 27:15; Mar 15:6; Luk 23:17 (Rec.; cf. Buttmann, § 133, 26. Others understand the phrase in these passages (contextually) "at or during (see 2 above) the feast," viz. the Passover; cf. Winer's Grammar, 401 (374)). γ. universally: καθ' ἕνα πάντες, all one by one, successively, 1Co 14:31, see more fully in εἷς, 4 c.; κατά δύο, by two, 1Co 14:27; κατά ἑκατόν καί κατά πεντήκοντα, by hundreds and by fifties, Mar 6:40 L T Tr WH; κατά μέρος, severally, singly, part by part, Heb 9:5 (Herodotus 9, 25; Xenophon, anab. 3, 4, 22); κατ' ὄνομα, by name, i. e. each by its own name (Vulg.nominatim (orper nomen)): Joh 10:3; 3 John 1:15 (14); cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 858f.

b. equivalent to the Latinratione habita alicuius rei vel personae; as respects; with regard to; in reference to; so far as relates to; as concerning; (Winer's Grammar, 401 (375)): κατά σάρκα or κατά τήν σάρκα, as to the flesh (see σάρξ (especially 2b.)), Rom 1:3; Rom 9:3; Rom 9:5; 1Co 1:26; 1Co 10:18; 2Co 11:18; οἱ κύριοι κατά σάρκα (Luther well,die leiblichen Herren), in earthly relations, according to the arrangements of society, Eph 6:5; κατά τό εὐαγγέλιον, κατά τήν ἐκλογήν, Rom 11:28; add, Rom 1:4; Rom 7:22; Php 3:5; Heb 9:9; τά κατά τινα, one's affairs, one's case, Act 24:22; Act 25:14; Eph 6:21; Php 1:12; Col 4:7 (and very often in classical Greek); κατά πάντα τρόπον, in every way, in every respect, Rom 3:2; the opposite κατά μηδένα τρόπον, in no wise, 2Th 2:3; κατά πάντα, in all respects, in all things, Act 17:22; Col 3:20; Col 3:22; Heb 2:17; Heb 4:15 (Thucydides 4, 81).

c. according to, agreeably to; in reference to agreement or conformity to a standard, in various ways (Winer's Grammar, 401 (375)); α. according to anything as a standard, agreeably to: περιπατεῖν κατά τί, Mar 7:5; Rom 8:1 (Rec.),;; 2Th 3:6; Eph 2:2; ζῆν κατά, Act 26:5; Rom 8:12 f; πορεύεσθαι, 2Pe 3:3; ἀποδιδόναι τίνι, Mat 16:27, etc. (see ἀποδίδωμι, (especially 4)); λαμβάνειν, 1Co 3:8; so with many other verbs a thing is said to be done or to occur κατά, as in Luk 2:27; Luk 2:29; Joh 7:24; Col 2:8; Col 3:10; 1Ti 1:18; Heb 7:15; Heb 8:5; Heb 8:9; 1Jn 5:14, etc.; (on the phrase κατ' ἄνθρωπον, see ἄνθρωπος, especially 1 c.; (cf. ἐ. below; Winer's Grammar, 402 (376))); κατά τήν γραφήν, τάς γραφάς, Jas 2:8; 1Co 15:3 f.; κατά τό γεγραμμένον, 2Co 4:13; κατά τό εἰρημένον, Rom 4:18; κατά τόν νόμον, Luk 2:39; Joh 18:31; Joh 19:7; Heb 9:22; κατά τό εὐαγγέλιον μου, Rom 2:16; Rom 16:25; 2Ti 2:8, cf. 1Ti 1:11; κατά τό ὡρισμένον, Luk 22:22; καθ' ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ, Jas 3:9; κατά λόγον rightly, justly (A. V. reason would etc.), Act 18:14; κατά τινα, agreeably to the will of anyone, as pleases him (Winer's Grammar, 401f (375)): so κατά Θεόν, Rom 8:27 (cf. 1 c. above); 2Co 7:9; 2Co 7:11; κατά Χρσιτον Ἰησοῦν, Rom 15:5; κατά κύριον, 2Co 11:17; κατά τόν καθαρισμόν, after the manner of purifying, as the rite of purification prescribed, Joh 2:6; οἱ κατά σάρκα ὄντες, who bear, reflect, the nature of the flesh, equivalent to οἱ σαρκικοί, and οἱ κατά πνεῦμα ὄντες equivalent to οἱ πνευματικοί, Rom 8:5; κατά τί γνώσομαι; in accordance with what criterion i. e. by what sign shall I know? Luk 1:18. Here belongs the use of the preposition in the titles of the records of the life of Christ: εὐαγγέλιον (which word the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus manuscripts omit) κατά Ματθαῖον, Μᾶρκον, etc., as Matthew etc. composed or wrote (it). This use of the preposition was not primarily a mere periphrasis for the genitive (Ματθαιου, etc., see II. 1 e. above), but indicated that the same subject had been otherwise handled by others, cf. ἡ παλαιά διαθήκη κατά τούς ἑβδομήκοντα (in tacit contrast not only to the Hebrew text, but also to the Greek translations made by others); οἱ ὑπομνηματισμοι οἱ κατά Νημιαν, 2Ma 2:13 (see Grimm at the passage). Subsequently κατά with an accusative of the writer came to take the place of the genitive, as ἡ κατά Μωϋσέα πεντάτευχος in Epiphanius (haer. 8, 4. Cf. Winers Grammar, 402 (375); Buttmann, 3; 157 (137); and see, further, Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word εὐαγγέλιον, James Morison, Commentary on Matthew, Introductory § 4). β. in proportion to, according to the measure of: χαρίσματα κατά τήν χάριν τήν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν διάφορα, Rom 12:6; κατά τό μέτρον, 2Co 10:13; Eph 4:7; κατά τήν σκληρότητά σου, Rom 2:5; κατά τόν χρόνον, Mat 2:16; ἑκάστῳ κατά τήν ἰδίαν δύναμιν, Mat 25:15; without the article κατά δύναμιν, 2Co 8:3 (opposed to ὑπέρ δύναμιν, as Homer, Iliad 3, 59 κατ' Αισαν, ὀυδ' ὑπέρ Αισαν); καθ' ὅσον, by so much as, inasmuch as, Heb 3:3; Heb 7:20; Heb 9:27; κατά τοσοῦτο, by so much, Heb 7:22. γ. used of the cause; through, on account of, from, owing to (in accordance with i. e. in consequence of, by virtue of) (Winer's Grammar, 402 (376)): κατά πᾶσαν αἰτίαν, (for every cause), Mat 19:3; κατά τήν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1Co 3:10; 2Th 1:12; 2Ti 1:9 (κατά τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόνοιαν, Josephus, Antiquities 20, 8, 6); κατά χάριν, Rom 4:16; also opposed to κατά ὀφείλημα (R. V. as of... as of), Rom 4:4; οἱ κατά φύσιν κλάδοι, the natural branches, Rom 11:21 (cf. Buttmann, 162 (141)); ἡ κατά φύσιν ἀγριλαιος, the natural wild olive tree, Rom 11:24; ἡ κατά πίστιν δικαιοσύνη, righteousness proceeding from faith, Heb 11:7; add, Rom 8:28; Rom 9:11; Rom 11:5; Rom 16:25; 1Co 12:8; 2Co 13:10; Gal 2:2; Gal 3:29; Eph 1:5; Eph 1:7; Eph 1:9; Eph 1:11; Eph 1:19; Eph 3:7; Eph 3:11; Eph 3:16; Eph 3:20; Col 1:11; Col 1:29; Php 1:20; Php 3:21; Php 4:11; Php 4:19; 2Th 1:12; 2Th 2:9; 2Ti 1:8; Heb 2:4; Heb 7:16; Tit 1:3; 1Pe 1:3; 2Pe 3:15. adverbial phrases (Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2 g.): κατ' ἐξουσίαν (with authority), Mar 1:27; κατ' ἀνάγκην, κατά ἑκούσιον (q. v) (of necessity, of free will), Phm 1:14; κατά γνῶσιν, 1Pe 3:7; κατ' ἐπίγνωσιν, Rom 10:2 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 403 (376)); κατά ἄγνοιαν (in ignorance), Act 3:17. δ. of likeness; as, like as: συντελέσω... διαθήκην καινήν, οὐ κατά τήν διαθήκην κτλ., Heb 8:8 f (1Ki 11:10); so with the accusative of a person (cf. under α. above), Gal 4:28; 1Pe 1:15; κατά Θεόν, after the image of God, Eph 4:24; κρίνεσθαι κατά ἀνθρώπους, ζῆν κατά Θεόν, to be judged as it is fit men should be judged, to live as God lives, 1Pe 4:6. Hence, it is used ε. of the mode in which a thing is done; of the quality: ἄνδρες οἱ κατ' ἐξοχήν τῆς πόλεως, the principal men of the city, Act 25:23; καθ' ὑπομένην ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, equivalent to ὑπομένοντες ἐν ἔργῳ ἀγαθῷ (by constancy in well-doing), Rom 2:7; especially in adverbial phrases: κατά ταῦτα in (or after) the same (or this) manner, Luk 6:23 (L text T Tr WH κατά τά αὐτά, L marginal reading κατά ταῦτα) (26 (editions as before)); Luk 17:30 (T Tr WH κατά τά αὐτά, G L κατά ταῦτα); καθ' ὑπερβολήν, Rom 7:13; 1Co 12:31, etc. (cf. Winers Grammar, 466 (434); Buttmann, 96 (84)); κατά πίστιν equivalent to πιστεύοντες (A. V. in faith; cf. Winer's Grammar, 403 (376)), Heb 11:13; κατά συγγνώμην, οὐ κτἀ ἐπιταγήν, by way of concession, not by way of commandment, 1Co 7:6, cf. 2Co 8:8; κατά κράτος, Act 19:20; καθ' ὁμοιότητα, Heb 4:15; on the phrase κατά ἄνθρωπον see ἄνθρωπος, 1 c. (cf. α. above).

d. of the end aimed at; the goal to which anything tends; (Latinad (Winer's Grammar, 402f (376))): κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς, to proclaim life, 2Ti 1:1 (but see ἐπαγγελία, 1); κατ' εὐσέβειαν, tending to godliness (1Ti 6:3; Tit 1:1) (see εὐσέβεια; (yet others refer these examples and that which follows, to the use set forth above, in c.)); κατά πίστιν, to awaken, produce faith, Tit 1:1 (examples of this use of κατά from Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, may be seen in Passow, under the word II. 3, p. 1598{b}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word B. III. 1); cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 632; Kühner, ii., p. 412); many refer to this head also κατ' ἀτιμίαν (to my dishonor (Winer's Grammar, 402f (376))) λέγω, 2Co 11:21 (κατ' τήν τιμήν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν, to the honor of God, Josephus, Antiquities 3, 11, 4); but see ἀτιμία.

III. In Composition κατά denotes,

1. from, down from, from a higher to a lower place: with special reference to the terminus from which, as καταβαίνω, καταβιβάζω, etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, 431 (401f)); with more prominent reference to the lower terminus (down), as καταβάλλω, καταπατέω, etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, as above); also of the situation or local position, as κατάκειμαι, καθεύδω, κατατίθημι, καθίζω, etc. from top to bottom, metaphorically, of things done with care, thoroughly, as καταμανθάνω, καθοράω, etc.

2. in succession, in course: καθξης; one part after another, καταρτίζω, κατευθύνω, etc.

3. under, underneath: καταχθόνιος; the idea of putting under resides in verbs denoting victory, rule, etc., over others, as katadunasteuoo], κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω, καταδουλόω; likewise in verbs naming that with which anything is covered, concealed, overwhelmed etc., as κατακαλύπτω, καταλιθάζω, κατασφραγίζω, κατασκιάζω, καταισχύνω (where the German uses the prefixüber (English over), asüberschatten, überdecken, or the syllablebe, asbeschatten, besiegeln); also in adjj. denoting an abundance of that with which a thing is filled up or as it were covered up; see below in κατείδωλος.

4. like the German ver-,zer-, it denotes separation, dissolution, in verbs of wasting, dissolving, etc., as κατακόπτω, κατάγνυμι, κατακαίω, κατακλάω, καταλύω, κατακλύζω, καταναλίσκω, καταφθείρω, etc.

5. equivalent to after, behind: καταδιώκω, καταλείπω, κατακολουθέω, etc.

6. used of proportion and distribution, as κατακληροδοτέω, κατακληρονομέω, etc.

7. of hostility, against etc.: καταδικάζω, κατακρίνω, καταλαλέω, καταγινώσκω, etc. Cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 637ff (On the construction of verbs compounded with κατά, see Winers Grammar, as above; cf. Buttmann, 165 (143f).)