γίνομαι

γίνομαι — gínomai

γίνομαι (in Ionic prose writings and in common Greek from Aristotle, on for Attic γίγνομαι); (imperfect ἐγινόμην); future γενήσομαι; 2 aorist ἐγενόμην (often in 3 person singular optative γένοιτο; (participle γεναμενος, Luk 24:22 Tdf. edition 7)), and, with no difference in significance, 1 aorist passive ἐγενήθην, rejected by the Atticists (cf. Lob. ad Phryn., p. 108f; (Thomas Magister, Ritschl edition, p. 75, 6f)), not rare in later Greek, common in the Sept. (Act 4:4; 1Th 2:14; 1Co 15:10, etc.), imperative γενηθήτω (Mat 6:10; Mat 15:28, etc.); perfect γεγένημαι and γέγονα, 3 person plural γέγοναν L T Tr WH in Rom 16:7 and Rev 21:6 (cf. (Tdf. Proleg., p. 124; WHs Appendix, p. 166; Sophocles Lexicon, p. 37f; Curtius, Das Verbum, 2:187); Winers Grammar, 36 and 76f (73f); Mullach, p. 16; Buttmann, 43 (37f)), (participle γεγονώς); pluperfect 3 person singular ἐγεγόνει (Joh 6:17 (not Tdf.); Act 4:22 (where L T Tr WH γεγόνει, cf. Winers Grammar, § 12, 9; Buttmann, 33 (29); Tdf.s note on the passage)); to become, and

1. to become, i. e. to come into existence, begin to be, receive being: absolutely, Joh 1:15; Joh 1:30 (ἔμπροσθεν μου γέγονεν); Joh 8:58 (πρίν Ἀβραάμ γενέσθαι); 1Co 15:37 (τό σῶμα τό γενησόμενον); ἐκ τίνος, to be born, Rom 1:3 (ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ); Gal 4:4 (ἐκ γυναικός); Mat 21:19 (μηκέτι ἐκ σου καρπός γένηται, come from); of the origin of all things, Heb 11:3; διά τίνος, Joh 1:3; Joh 1:10. to rise, arise, come on, appear, of occurrences in nature or in life: as γίνεται βροντή, Joh 12:29; ἀστραπή, Rev 8:5; σεισμός, Rev.;; γαλήνη, Mat 8:26; Mar 4:39; Luk 8:24; λαῖλαψ, Mar 4:37; γογγυσμός, Act 6:1; ζήτησις, Joh 3:25 (followed by ἐκ of origin; στάσις καί ζήτησις), Act 15:2 (Griesbach questions ζήτησις, Rec. reads συζήτησις); πόλεμος, Rev 12:7; ἡ βασιλεία (or αἱ βασιλεῖαι) κτλ., Rev 11:15; Rev 12:10; χαρά, Act 8:8, and in many other examples Here belong also the phrases γίνεται ἡμέρα it becomes day, day comes on, Luk 4:42; Luk 6:13; Luk 22:66; Act 12:18; Act 16:35; Act 23:12; Act 27:29; Act 27:33; Act 27:39; γίνεσθαι ὀψέ evening comes, Mar 11:19, equivalent to γίνεσθαι ὀψία, Mat 8:16; Mat 14:15; Mat 14:23; Mat 16:2 (T brackets WH reject the passage);; Mar 14:17; Joh 6:16, etc.; πρωΐα, Mat 27:1; Joh 21:4; νύξ, Act 27:27 (cf. under the word ἐπιγίνομαι 2); σκοτία, Joh 6:17 (not Tdf.). Hence,

2. to become equivalent to to come to pass, happen, of events;

a. universally: Mat 5:18; Mat 24:6; Mat 24:20; Mat 24:34; Luk 1:20; Luk 12:54; Luk 21:28; Joh 1:28; Joh 13:19, etc.; τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα etc. this hath come to pass that etc., Mat 1:22; Mat 21:4; Mat 26:56; τά γενόμενα or γινόμενα, Mat 18:31; Mat 27:54; Mat 28:11; Luk 23:48; (cf. τά γενόμενα ἀγαθά, Heb 9:11 L WH text Tr marginal reading); τό γενόμενον, Luk 23:47; τό γεγονός, Mar 5:14; Luk 24:12 (T omits; L Tr brackets; WH reject the verse); Act 4:21; τό ῤῆμα τό γεγονός, Luk 2:15; τά μέλλοντα γίνεσθαι, Luk 21:36; Act 26:22; τήν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι, 2Ti 2:18; θανάτου γενομένου a death having taken place (German nacherfolgtemTode), Heb 9:15. μή γένοιτο, a formula especially frequent in Paul (and in Epictetus, cf. Schweigh. Index Graec. in Epictetus, p. 392), "Far be it! God forbid!" (cf. Morison, Exposition of Rom 3:1-31, p. 31f): Luk 20:16; Rom 3:4; Rom 3:6; Rom 3:31; Rom 6:2; Rom 6:15; Rom 7:7; Rom 7:13; Rom 9:14; Rom 11:1; Rom 11:11; 1Co 6:15; Gal 2:17; Gal 3:21 (equivalent to חָלִילָה, Jos 22:29, etc.); cf. Sturz, De dial. Maced. etc., p. 204f; τί γέγονεν, ὅτι etc. what has come to pass, that etc. equivalent to for what reason, why? Joh 14:22 (τί ἐγένετο, ὅτι... Ecc 7:11 (10); τί ἐστιν, ὡς etc., Euripides, Troad. 889).

b. Very common in the first three Gospels, especially that of Luke, and in the Acts, is the phrase καί ἐγένετο (וַיְהִי followed by וְ); cf. Winers Grammar, § 65, 4 e. (also § 44, 3 c.), and especially Buttmann, § 141, 6. (a.) καί ἐγένετο καί with a finite verb: Mar 2:15 ((Tr text καί γίνεται), T WH καί γίνεται (followed by the accusative and infinitive)); Luk 2:15 (R G L brackets Tr brackets); (WH brackets καί); followed by καί ἰδού, Mat 9:10 (T omits καί before ἰδού; Luk 24:4. (b.) much more often καί is not repeated: Mat 7:28; Mar 4:4; Luk 1:23; Luk 2:1-52 :( T WH),;. (g.) καί ἐγένετο followed by the accusative with an infinitive: Mar 2:23 (Winer's Grammar, 578 (537) note); Luk 6:1; Luk 6:6 (R G ἐγένετο δέ καί).

c. In like manner ἐγένετο δέ (a.) followed by καί with a finite verb: Luk 5:1; Luk 9:28 (WH text omits; L brackets καί,; R G T, L Tr marginal reading brackets καί); Act 5:7. (b.) ἐγένετο δέ followed by a finite verb without καί: Luk 1:8; Luk 2:1; Luk 2:6; ( R G L); (WH Tr text omit ἐγένετο);. γ. ἐγένετο δέ followed by the accusative with an infinitive: Luk 3:21; (Luk 6:1; Luk 6:6 L T Tr WH, T Tr WH);; Act 4:5; Act 9:3 (without δέ),; R G;;;. (d.) ἐγένετο δέ (ὡς δέ ἐγένετο) followed by τοῦ with an infinitive: Act 10:25 (Rec. omits τοῦ), cf. Meyer at the passage and Winers Grammar, 328 (307); (Buttmann, 270 (232)).

d. with the dative of person to occur or happen to one, befall one: followed by an infinitive, Act 20:16; ἐάν γένηται (namely, αὐτῷ) εὑρεῖν αὐτό, if it happen to him, Mat 18:13; ἐμοί δέ μή γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι far be it from me to glory, Gal 6:14 (Gen 44:7; Gen 44:17; 1Ki 20:3; Alciphron, epistles 1, 26); followed by the accusative with an infinitive it happened to me, that etc.: Act 11:26 L T Tr WH (but the accusative implied); (cf. Winers Grammar, 323 (303); Buttmann, 305 (262)); with adverbs, go, fare (German ergehen): εὖ, Eph 6:3 (μή γένοιτο σοι οὕτω κακῶς, Aelian v. h. 9, 36). with specification of the thing befalling one: τί γέγονεν (L T Tr text WH ἐγένετο) αὐτῷ, Act 7:40 (from Exo 32:1); ἐγένετο (L T Tr WH ἐγίνετο) πάσῃ ψυχή φόβος fear came upon, Act 2:43. — Mar 4:11; Mar 9:21; Luk 19:9; Joh 5:14; Joh 15:7; Rom 11:25; 1Co 4:5; 2Co 1:8 (G L T Tr WH omit the dative); 2Ti 3:11; 1Pe 4:12; with the ellipsis of ἡμῖν, Joh 1:17. ἐγένετο (αὐτῷ) γνώμη a purpose occurred to him, he determined, Act 20:3 (Buttmann, 268 (230), but T Tr WH read ἐγένετο γνώμης; see below, 5 e. (a.)). followed by prepositions: ἐπ' αὐτῇ upon (German bei oran) her, Mar 5:33 (R G L brackets); εἰς τινα, Act 28:6.

3. to arise, appear in history, come upon the stage: of men appearing in public, Mar 1:4; Joh 1:6 (on which two passages compare Winers Grammar, 350 (328); Buttmann, 308f (264f)); 2Pe 2:1; γεγόνασι, have arisen and now exist, 1Jn 2:18.

4. to be made, done, finished: τά ἔργα, Heb 4:3; διά χειρῶν, of things fabricated, Act 19:26; of miracles to be performed, wrought: διά τῶν χειρῶν τίνος, Mar 6:2; διά τίνος, Act 2:43; Act 4:16; Act 4:30; Act 12:9; ὑπό τίνος, Luk 9:7 (R L (but the latter brackets ὑπ' αὐτοῦ)); Luk 13:17; Luk 23:8; γενόμενα εἰς τήν Καφαρναούμ done unto (on) Capernaum i. e. for its benefit (Winers Grammar, 416 (388); (cf. Buttmann, 333 (286))), Luk 4:23 (Rec. ἐν τῇ Καφαρναούμ) of commands, decisions, purposes, requests, etc. to be done, executed: Mat 6:10; Mat 21:21; Mat 26:42; Mar 11:23; Luk 14:22; Luk 23:24; Act 21:14; γενήσεται ὁ λόγος will be accomplished the saying, 1Co 15:54. joined to nouns implying a certain action: ἡ ἀπώλεια γέγονε, Mar 14:4; ἀπογραφή, Luk 2:2; ἐπαγγελία γενομένη ὑπό Θεοῦ given by God, Act 26:6; ἀνάκρισις, Act 25:26; νόμου μετάθεσις, Heb 7:12; ἄφεσις, Heb 9:22. of institutions, laws, etc. to be established, enacted: τό σάββατον ἐγένετο, the institution of the Sabbath, Mar 2:27; ὁ νόμος, Gal 3:17; οὗ γέγονεν οὕτως hath not been so ordained, Mat 19:8. of feasts, marriages, entertainments, to be kept, celebrated: τό πάσχα, Mat 26:2 (equivalent to נַעֲשֶׂה, 2Ki 23:22); τό σάββατον, Mar 6:2; τά ἐγκαίνια, Joh 10:22; (γενεσίοις γενομένοις (cf. Winers Grammar, § 31, 9 b.; R G γενεσίων ἀγομένων), Mat 14:6) (τά Ὀλυμπια, Xenophon, Hell. 7, 4, 28; Ἰσθμια, 4, 5, 1); γάμος, Joh 2:1. οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί so done with me, in my case, 1Co 9:15.

5. to become, be made, "in passages where it is specified who or what a person or thing is or has been rendered, as respects quality, condition, place, rank, character" (Wahl, Clavis Apocr. V. T., p. 101).

a. with a predicate added, expressed by a substantive or an adjective: οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται, Mat 4:3; Luk 4:3; ὕδωρ οἶνον γεγενημένον, Joh 2:9; ἀρχιερεύς γενόμενος, Heb 6:20; διάκονος, Col 1:25; ὁ λόγος σάρξ ἐγένετο, Joh 1:14; ἀνήρ, 1Co 13:11, and many other examples; χάρις οὐκέτι γίνεται χάρις grace ceases to have the nature of grace, can no longer be called grace, Rom 11:6; ἄκαρπος γίνεται, Mat 13:22; Mar 4:19; — in Mat 17:2; Luk 8:17; Joh 5:6, and many other places. contextually, to show oneself, prove oneself: Luk 10:36; Luk 19:17; Luk 24:19; Rom 11:34; Rom 16:2; 2Co 1:18 Rec.; 1Th 1:6; 1Th 2:7; Heb 11:6, etc.; especially in exhortations: γίνεσθε, Mat 10:16; Mat 24:44; Luk 6:36; Eph 4:32; Col 3:15; μή γίνου, Joh 20:27; μή γίνεσθε, Mat 6:16; Eph 5:7; Eph 5:17; 1Co 10:7; μή γινώμεθα, Gal 5:26; hence, used declaratively, equivalent to to be found, shown: Luk 13:2 (that it was shown by their fate that they were sinners); Rom 3:4; 2Co 7:14; — γίνομαι τίνι τίς to show oneself (to be) someone to one: 1Co 9:20; 1Co 9:22.

b. with an interrogative pronoun as predicate: τί ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter, Act 12:18 (cf. use of τί ἐγένετο in Act. Phil. in Hell. § 23, Tdf. Acta apost. apocr., p. 104).

c. γίνεσθαι ὡς or ὡσεί τινα to become as or like to one: Mat 10:25; Mat 18:3; Mat 28:4; Mar 9:26; Luk 22:44 (L brackets WH reject the passage); Rom 9:29 (from Isa 1:9); 1Co 4:13; Gal 4:12.

d. γινεσθα εἰς τί to become i. e. be changed into something, come to be, issue in, something (German zuetwaswerden): ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλήν γωνίας, Mat 21:42; Mar 12:10; Luk 20:17; Act 4:11; 1Pe 2:7 — all after Psalm 117:22. Luk 13:19 (εἰς δένδρον μέγα); Joh 16:20; Act 5:36; Rom 11:9 (from Psa 68:1-35 : (69) 23); 1Th 3:5; Rev 8:11; Rev 16:19, etc. (equivalent to לְ הָיָה; but the expression is also classic; cf. Winers Grammar, § 29, 3 a.; Buttmann, 150 (131)).

e. γίνεσθαι with Cases; (a.) with the genitive to become the property of anyone, to come into the power of a person or thing (cf. Winers Grammar, § 30, 5; especially Buttmann, 162 (142)): Luk 20:14 (L marginal reading ἔσται), 33; Rev 11:15; (γνώμης, Act 20:3 T Tr WH (cf. ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γίνεσθαι Plutarch, Phocylides, 23, 4)); προφητεία ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται no one can explain prophecy by his own mental power (it is not a matter of subjective interpretation), but to explain it one needs the same illumination of the Holy Spirit in which it originated, for etc. 2Pe 1:20. γενέσθαι with a genitive indicating one's age (to be) so many years old: Luk 2:42; 1Ti 5:9. (b.) with the dative (cf. W 210f (198)): γίνεσθαι ἀνδρί to become a man's wife, Rom 7:3 f (לְאִישׁ הָיָה, Lev 22:12; Rth 1:12, etc.).

f. joined to prepositions with their substantives; ἐν τίνι, to come or pass into a certain state (cf. Buttmann, 330 (284)): ἐν ἀγωνία, Luk 22:44 (L brackets WH reject the passage); ἐν ἐκστάσει, Act 22:17; ἐν πνεύματι, Rev 1:10; Rev 4:2; ἐν δόξῃ (R. V. came with (in) glory), 2Co 3:7; ἐν παραβάσει, 1Ti 2:14; ἐν ἑαυτῷ, to come to himself, recover reason, Act 12:11 (also in Greek writings; cf. Hermann ad Vig., p. 749); ἐν Χριστῷ, to be brought to the fellowship of Christ, to become a Christian, Rom 16:7; ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων, to become like men, Php 2:7; ἐν λόγῳ κολακείας (R. V. were we found using) flattering speech, 1Th 2:5. ἐπάνω τίνος to be placed over a thing, Luk 19:19. μετά τίνος or σύν τίνι to become one's companion, associate with him: Mar 16:10; Act 7:38; Act 20:18; ὑπό τινα to be made subject to one, Gal 4:4. (Cf. h. below.) g. with specification of the terminus of motion or the place of rest: εἰς with the accusative of place, to come to some place, arrive at something, Act 20:16; Act 21:17; Act 25:15; ὡς ἐγένετο... εἰς τά ὦτα μου when the voice came into my ears, Luk 1:44; εἰς with the accusative of person, of evils coming upon one, Rev 16:2 R G; of blessings, Gal 3:14; 1Th 1:5 (Lachmann πρός; Act 26:6 L T Tr WH); γενέσθαι ἐπί τοῦ τόπου, Luk 22:40; ἐπί τῆς γῆς, Joh 6:21 (Tdf. ἐπί τήν γῆν); ὧδε, Joh 6:25 (ἐκεῖ, Xenophon, an. 6, 3 (5), 20; (cf. Buttmann, 71)); ἐπί with the accusative of place, Luk 24:22; Act 21:35; (Joh 6:21 Tdf.); ἐγένετο διωγμός ἐπί τήν ἐκκλησίαν, Act 8:1; ἐγένετο φόβος or θάμβος ἐπί πάντας, Luk 1:65; Luk 4:36; Act 5:5; Act 5:11; (ἔκστασις, Act 10:10 (Rec. ἐπέπεσεν)); ἕλκος κακόν καί πονηρόν ἐπί τούς ἀνθρώπους, Rev 16:2 L T Tr WH; ἐγένετο... ῤῆμα ἐπί τινα, λόγος or φωνή πρός τινα (came to): Luk 3:2; Joh 10:35; Act 7:31 (Rec.); (Gen 15:1; Gen 15:4; Jer 1:2; Jer 1:11; Jer 13:8; Eze 6:1; Hos 1:1); (ἐπαγγελία, Act 13:32; Act 26:6 Rec.); κατά with the accusative of place, Luk 10:32 (Tr WH omit); Act 27:7, (Xenophon, Cyril 7, 1, 15); κατά with the genitive: τό γενόμενον ῤῆμα καθ' ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the matter the report of which spread throughout all Judaea, Act 10:37; πρός τινα, 2Jn 1:12 (Rec. ἐλθεῖν); 1Co 2:3; σύν τίνι, to be joined to one as an associate, Luk 2:13 (Xenophon, Cyril 5, 3, 8); ἐγγύς γίνεσθαι, Eph 2:13; τίνος, Joh 6:19; (h.) (with ἐκ of the source (see above): Mar 1:11 (Tdf. omits ἐγένετο); (T Tr marginal reading WH); Luk 3:22; Luk 9:35; Act 19:34); γίνεσθαι ἐκ μέσου, to be taken out of the way, 2Th 2:7; γενέσθαι ὁμοθυμαδόν, of many come together in one place, Act 15:25 cf. Act 2:1 (but only in R G; γενομένοις ὁμοθυμαδόν in may mean either having become of one mind, or possibly having come together with one accord. On the alleged use of γίνομαι in the N. T. as interchangeable with εἰμί see Fritzschior. Opuscc., p. 284 note. Compare: ἀπογίνομαι, διαγίνομαι, ἐπιγίνομαι, παραγίνομαι, συμγίνομαι παραγίνομαι, προγίνομαι.)