ἄνθρωπος

ἄνθρωπος — ánthrōpos

ἄνθρωπος, ἀνθρώπου, ὁ (perhaps from ἀνήρ and ὤψ, i. e. man's face: Curtius, § 422; Vanicek, p. 9. From Homer down); man. It is used

1. universally, with reference to the genus or nature, without distinction of sex, a human being, whether male or female: Joh 16:21. And in this sense a. with the article, generically, so as to include all human individuals: Mat 4:4 (ἐπ' ἄρτῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος); Mat 12:35 (ὁ ἀγαθός ἄνθρωπος every good person); Mat 15:11; Mat 15:18; Mar 2:27; Mar 7:15; Mar 7:18; Mar 7:20; Luk 4:4; Joh 2:25 (Winer's Grammar, § 18, 8); Joh 7:51; Rom 7:1, etc.

b. so that a man is distinguished from beings of a different race or order; α. from animals, plants, etc.: Luk 5:10; Mat 4:19; Mat 12:12; 2Pe 2:16; Rev 9:4; Rev 9:7; Rev 9:10; Rev 9:15; Rev 9:18; Rev 11:13, etc. (beta). from God, from Christ as divine, and from angels: Mat 10:32; Mat 19:6; Mar 10:9; Luk 2:15 (T WH omit; L Tr brackets) (opposed to angels); Joh 10:33; Act 10:26; Act 14:11; 1Th 2:13; Gal 1:10; Gal 1:12; 1Co 3:21; 1Co 7:23; Php 2:7; Php 2:7 (8); 1Ti 2:5; Heb 8:2; Heb 13:6; 1Pe 2:4, etc.

c. with the added notion of weakness, by which man is led into mistake or prompted to sin: οὐκ ἄνθρωποι; (R G σαρκικοί) ἐστε; 1Co 3:4; σοφία ἀνθρώπων, 1Co 2:5; ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαι, 1Pe 4:2; κατά ἄνθρωπον περιπατεῖτε ye conduct yourselves as men, 1Co 3:3; λαλεῖν or λέγειν κατά ἄνθρωπον, to speak according to human modes of thinking, 1Co 9:8; Rom 3:5; κατά ἄνθρωπον λέγω, I speak as a man to whom analogies from human affairs present themselves, while I illustrate divine things by an example drawn from ordinary human life, Gal 3:15; κατά ἄνθρωπον θηριομάχειν, as man is accustomed to fight, urged on by the desire of gain, honor and other earthly advantages, 1Co 15:32 : οὐκ ἐστι κατά ἄνθρωπον is not accommodated to the opinions and desires of men, Gal 1:11; (for examples of κατά ἄνθρωπον in secular authors see Wetstein on Rom. as above); with the accessory notion of malignity: προσέχετε ἀπό τῶν ἀνθρώπων, Mat 10:17; εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων, Mat 17:22; Luk 9:44.

d. with the adjunct notion of contempt (as sometimes in Greek writings): Joh 5:12; the address ὦ ἄνθρωπε, or ἄνθρωπε, is one either of contempt and disdainful pity, Rom 9:20 (Plato, Gorgias, p. 452 b. σύ δέ... τίς εἰ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε), or of gentle rebuke, Luk 22:58; Luk 22:60. The word serves to suggest commiseration: ἴδε (T Tr WH ἰδού) ὁ ἄνθρωπος behold the man in question, maltreated, defenseless, Joh 19:5.

e. with a reference to the twofold nature of man. ὁ ἔσω and ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος, soul and body: Rom 7:22; Eph 3:16; 2Co 4:16, (Plato, rep. 9, 589 a. ὁ ἐντός ἄνθρωπος; Plotinus Enn. 5, 1, 10 ὁ εἴσω ἄνθρωπος; cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. ii., 61f. (Meyer on Romans, the passage cited; Ellicott on Ephesians, the passage cited)); ὁ κρυπτός τῆς καριδας ἀνθρ. 1Pe 3:4.

f. with a reference to the twofold moral condition of man, ὁ παλαιός (the corrupt) and ὁ καινός (ὁ νέος) ἄνθρωπος (the truly Christian man, conformed to the nature of God): Rom 6:6; Eph 2:15; Eph 4:22; Eph 4:24; Col 3:9 f.

g. with a reference to the sex, (contextually) a male: Joh 7:22 f.

2. indefinitely, without the article, ἄνθρωπος, a. someone, a (certain) man, when who he is either is not known or is not important: equivalent to τίς, Mat 17:14; Mat 21:28; Mat 22:11; Mar 12:1; Mar 14:13; Luk 5:18; Luk 13:19, etc. with the addition of τίς, Mat 18:12; Luk 10:30; Luk 14:2; Luk 14:16; Luk 15:11; Luk 16:1; Luk 16:19; Joh 5:5. in address, where the speaker either cannot or will not give the name, Luk 5:20; or where the writer addresses any and every reader, Rom 2:1; Rom 2:3.

b. where what is said holds of every man, so that ἄνθρωπος is equivalent to the German indefinite man, one: Rom 3:28; 1Co 4:1; 1Co 7:1; 1Co 11:28; Gal 2:16. So also where opposed to domesties, Mat 10:36; to a wife, Mat 19:10; to a father, Mat 10:35; to the master of a household, Luk 12:36 f — in which passages many, confounding sense and signification, incorrectly say that the word ἄνθρωπος signifies father of a family, husband, son, servant.

3. in the plural οἱ ἄνθρωποι is sometimes (the) people, German dieLeute: Mat 5:13; Mat 5:16; Mat 6:5; Mat 6:18; Mat 8:27; Mat 16:13; Luk 11:44; Mar 8:24; Mar 8:27; Joh 4:28; οὐδείς ἀνθρώπων (nemohominum) no one, Mar 11:2; 1Ti 6:16.

4. It is joined a. to another substantive — a quasi-predicate of office, or employment, or characteristic — the idea of the predicate predominating (Winer's Grammar, § 59, 1): ἄνθρωπος ἔμπορος a merchant (-man), Mat 13:45 (WH text omits ἀνθρώπῳ); οἰκοδεσπότης, Mat 13:52; Mat 20:1; Mat 21:33; βασιλεύς, Mat 18:23; Mat 20:2; φάγος, Mat 11:19. (So in Hebrew סָרִיס אִישׁ a eunuch, Jer 38:7 f, כֹּהֵן אִישׁ a priest, Lev 21:9; also in Greek writings: ἄνθρωπος ὁδίτης, Homer, Iliad 16, 263, elsewhere; cf. Matthiae, § 430, 6; (Krüger § 57, 1, 1); but in Attic this combination generally has a contemptuous force; cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 48; in Latinhomogladiator, Cicero, epistles ad diversos 12, 22, 1).

b. to a gentile noun: ἄνθρωπον Κυρηναῖος, Mat 27:32; Κουδαιος, Act 21:39; Ῥωμαῖος, Act 16:37; Act 22:25 (according to the context, a Roman citizen).

5. ὁ ἄνθρωπος, with the article, the particular man under consideration, who he is being plain from the context: Mat 12:13; Mat 26:72; Mar 3:5; Luk 23:6; Joh 4:50. οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος, Luk 14:30; Joh 9:16; Joh 9:24 (L Tr marginal reading WH);; ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος, Mar 14:71; Luk 23:4; Luk 23:14; Luk 23:47; Joh 9:24 (R G T Tr text): Joh 18:17; Act 6:13; Act 22:26; Act 26:31-32. ὁ ἀνθωπος ἐκεῖνος, Mat 12:45; Mat 26:24; Mar 14:21.

6. Phrases: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἁμαρτίας (or with T Tr text WH text, τῆς ἀνομίας), 2Th 2:3, see ἁμαρτία, 1, p. 30f ἄνθρωπος τοῦ Θεοῦ a man devoted to the service of God, God's minister: 1Ti 6:11; 2Ti 3:17 (of the evangelists, the associates of the apostles); 2Pe 1:21 (of prophets, like אֱלֹהִים אִישׁ often in the O. T.; cf. Gesenius, Thesaurus i., p. 85). For ὁ υἱός τοῦ ἀνθρώπου and υἱοί τῶν ἀνθρώπων, see under υἱός.