ὡς

ὡς — hōs

ὡς (Treg. (by mistake) in Mat 24:38 ὡς; cf. Winers Grammar, 462 (431); Chandler § 934, and references in Ebeling, Lex. Homer, under the word, p. 494b bottom), an adverbial form of the relative pronoun ὅς, ἡ, ὁ which is used in comparison, as, like as, even as, according as, in the same manner as, etc. (German wie); but it also assumes the nature of a conjunction, of time, of purpose, and of consequence. On its use in the Greek writings cf. Klotz ad Devar. 2:2, chapter xxxv., p. 756ff; (Liddell and Scott, under the word).

I. ὡς as an adverb of comparison;

1. It answers to some demonstrative word (οὕτως, or the like), either in the same clause or in another member of the same sentence (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 53, 5): οὕτως... ὡς, Joh 7:46 (L WH omit; Tr brackets ὡς etc.); 1Co 3:15; 1Co 4:1; 1Co 9:26; Eph 5:28; Eph 5:33; Jas 2:12; οὕτως... ὡς ἐάν (T Tr WH omit ἐάν (cf. English as should a man cast etc.))... βάλῃ, so etc.... as if etc. Mar 4:26; ὡς... οὕτως, Act 8:32; Act 23:11; 1Co 7:17; 2Co 11:3 (R G); 1Th 5:2; ὡς ἄν (ἐάν) followed by subjunctive ((cf. ἄν, II. 2 a. at the end))... οὕτως, 1Th 2:7 f; ὡς... οὕτω καί, Rom 5:15 (here WH brackets καί),18; 2Co 1:7 L T Tr WH;; ὡς (T Tr WH καθώς)... κατά τά αὐτά (L G ταῦτα, Rec. ταῦτα), Luk 17:28-30; ἴσος... ὡς καί, Act 11:17; sometimes in the second member of the sentence the demonstrative word (οὕτως, or the like) is omitted and must be supplied by the mind, as Mat 8:13; Col 2:6; ὡς... καί (where οὕτω καί might have been expected (Winers Grammar, as above; Buttmann, § 149, 8 c.)), Mat 6:10; Luk 11:2 (here G T Tr WH omit; L brackets the clause); Act 7:51 (Lachmann καθώς); Gal 1:9; Php 1:20 (see καί, II. 1 a.); to this construction must be referred also 2Co 13:2 ὡς παρών τό δεύτερον, καί ἀπών νῦν, as when I was present the second time, so now being absent ((cf. p. 317a top); others render (cf. R. V. marginal reading) as if I were present the second time, even though I am now absent).

2. ὡς with the word or words forming the comparison is so subjoined to a preceding verb that οὕτως must be mentally inserted before the same. When thus used ὡς refers a. to the manner (`form') of the action expressed by the finite verb, and is equivalent to in the same manner as, after the fashion of; it is joined in this way to the subject (nominative) of the verb: Mat 6:29; Mat 7:29; Mat 13:43; 1Th 2:11; 2Pe 2:12; Jud 1:10, etc.; to an accusative governed by the verb: as ἀγαπᾶν τόν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν, Mat 19:19; Mat 22:39; Mar 12:31; Mar 12:33; Luk 10:27; Rom 13:9; Gal 5:14; Jas 2:8; add, Phm 1:17; Gal 4:14; (here many (cf. R. V. marginal reading) would bring in also Act 3:22; Act 7:37 (cf.

c. below)); or to another oblique case: as Php 2:22; to a substantive, with a preposition: as ὡς ἐν κρύπτω, Joh 7:10 (Tdf. omits ὡς); ὡς ἐν ἡμέρα σφαγῆς, Jas 5:5 (R G; others omit ὡς); ὡς διά ξηρᾶς, Heb 11:29; add, Mat 26:55; Mar 14:48; Luk 22:52; Rom 13:13; Heb 3:8; when joined to a nominative or an accusative it can be rendered like, (like) as (Latininstar, veluti): Mat 10:16; Luk 21:35; Luk 22:31; 1Co 3:10; 1Th 5:4; 2Ti 2:17; Jas 1:10; 1Pe 5:8; 2Pe 3:10; καλεῖν τά μή ὄντα ὡς ὄντα (see καλέω, 1 b. β. under the end), Rom 4:17.

b. ὡς joined to a verb makes reference to the 'substance' of the act expressed by the verb, i. e. the action designated by the verb is itself said to be done ὡς, in like manner (just) as, something else: Joh 15:6 (for τό βάλλεσθαι ἔξω is itself the very thing which is declared to happen (i. e. the unfruitful disciple is 'cast forth' just as the severed branch is 'cast forth')); 2Co 3:1 (Lachmann ὡς (περ)); generally, however, the phrase ὡς καί is employed (Winer's Grammar, § 53, 5), 1Co 9:5; 1Co 16:10 (here WH text omits καί); Eph 2:3; 1Th 5:6 (L T Tr WH omit καί); 2Ti 3:9; Heb 3:2; 2Pe 3:16.

c. ὡς makes reference to similarity or equality, in such expressions as εἶναι ὡς τινα, i. e. 'to be like' or 'equal to' one, Mat 22:30; Mat 28:3; Mar 6:34; Mar 12:25; Luk 6:40; Luk 11:44; Luk 18:11; Luk 22:26; Rom 9:27; 1Co 7:7; 1Co 7:29-31; 2Co 2:17; 1Pe 1:24; 2Pe 3:8; ἵνα μή ὡς κατ' ἀνάγκην τό ἀγαθο σου ἤ, that thy benefaction may not be like something extorted by force, Phm 1:14; γίνεσθαι ὡς τινα, Mat 10:25; Mat 18:3; Luk 22:26; Rom 9:29; 1Co 4:13; 1Co 9:20-22 (in 9:22 T Tr WH omit; L Tr marginal reading brackets ὡς); Gal 4:12; μένειν ὡς τινα, 1Co 7:8; ποιεῖν τινα ὡς τινα, Luk 15:19; passages in which ἐστιν, ἦν, ὤν (or ὁ ὤν) is left to be supplied by the reader: as ἡ φωνή αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνή ὑδατον, Rev 1:15; ὀφθαλμούς, namely, ὄντας, Rev 2:18; πίστιν namely, οὖσαν, Mat 17:20; Luk 17:6; add, Rev 4:7; Rev 9:2; Rev 9:5; Rev 9:7-9; Rev 9:17; Rev 10:1; Rev 12:15; Rev 13:2; Rev 14:2; Rev 20:8; Rev 21:21; Act 3:22; Act 7:37 (many (cf. R. V. marginal reading) refer these last two passages to a. above);, etc.; before ὡς one must sometimes supply τί, 'something like' or 'having the appearance of' this or that: thus ὡς θάλασσα, i. e. something having the appearance of (R. V. as it were) a sea, Rev 4:6 G L T Tr WH; (so in imitation of the Hebrew כְּ, cf. Deu 4:32; Dan 10:18; cf. Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 648b (Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word, 2)); passages where the comparison is added to some adjective: as, ὑγιής ὡς, Mat 12:13; λευκά ὡς, Mat 17:2; Mar 9:3 (R L); add, Heb 12:16; Rev 1:14; Rev 6:12; Rev 8:10; Rev 10:9; Rev 21:2; Rev 22:1.

d. ὡς so makes reference to the quality of a person, thing, or action, as to be equivalent to such as, exactly like, as it were. German als; and α. to a quality which really belongs to the person or thing: ὡς ἐξουσίαν ἔχων, Mat 7:29; Mar 1:22; ὡς μονογενοῦς παρά πατρός, Joh 1:14; add ((L T Tr WH in Mat 5:48; Mat 6:5; Mat 6:16)); Act 17:22; Rom 6:13 (here L T Tr WH ὡσεί);; 1Co 3:1; 1Co 7:25; 2Co 6:4; 2Co 11:16; Eph 5:1; Eph 5:8; Eph 5:15; Col 3:12; 1Th 2:4; 1Ti 5:1; 2Ti 2:3; Tit 1:7; Phm 1:9; Phm 1:16 (where cf. Lightfoot); Heb 3:5; Heb 6:19; Heb 11:9; Heb 13:17; 1Pe 1:14; 1Pe 1:19; 1Pe 2:2; 1Pe 2:5; 1Pe 2:11; 1Pe 3:7; 1Pe 4:10; 1Pe 4:15; 1Pe 4:19 (R G); 2Pe 1:19; 2Jn 1:5; Jas 2:12; Rev 1:17; Rev 5:6; Rev 16:21; Rev 17:12, etc.; ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως namely, τρέχων, as one who is not running etc. 1Co 9:26; concisely, ὡς ἐξ εἰλικρινείας and ἐκ Θεοῦ namely, λαλοῦντες, borrowed from the neighboring λαλοῦμεν, 2Co 2:17; τινα ὡς τινα or τί after verbs of esteeming, knowing, declaring, etc. (Winer's Grammar, §§ 32, 4 b.; 59, 6): as, after λογίζειν, λογίζεσθαι, Rom 8:36; 1Co 4:1 (where οὕτως precedes); 2Co 10:2; ἡγεῖσθαι, 2Th 3:15; ἔχειν, Mat 14:5; Mat 21:26; Mat 21:46 (but here L T Tr WH read εἰς (cf. ἔχω, I. 1 f.)) (τινας ὡς Θεούς, Ev. Nicod. c. 5); ἀποδεικνύναι, 1Co 4:9; παραβάλλειν (or ὁμοιουν (which see)), Mar 4:31; διαβάλλειν, passive, Luk 16:1; ἐλέγχειν, passive, Jas 2:9; εὑρίσκειν, passive, Php 2:7 (8). β. to a quality which is supposed, pretended, reigned, assumed: ὡς ἁμαρτωλός κρίνομαι, Rom 3:7; ὡς πονηρόν, Luk 6:22; add, 1Co 4:7; 1Co 8:7; 2Co 6:8-10; 2Co 11:15; 2Co 13:7; 1Pe 2:12; frequently it can be rendered as if, as though, Act 3:12; Act 23:15; Act 23:20; Act 27:30; 1Co 5:3; 2Co 10:14; 2Co 11:17; Col 2:20; Heb 11:27; Heb 13:3; ἐπιστολῆς ὡς δἰ ἡμῶν, namely, γεγραμμενης, 2Th 2:2.

3. ὡς with the genitive absolute presents the matter spoken of — either as the belief of the writer, 2Co 5:20; 2Pe 1:3; or as someone's erroneous opinion: 1Co 4:18; 1Pe 4:12; cf. Winers Grammar, § 65, 9; (Buttmann, § 145, 7; especially § 144, 22). In general, by the use of ὡς the matter spoken of is presented — either as a mere matter of opinion: as in ὡς ἐξ ἔργων namely, ὁ Ἰσραήλ νόμον δικαιοσύνης ἐδίωξεν, Rom 9:32 (where it marks the imaginary character of the help the Israelites relied on, they thought to attain righteousness in that way (A. V. as it were by works)); — or as a purpose: πορεύεσθαι ὡς ἐπί θάλασσαν, that, as they intended, he might go to the sea, Act 17:14, cf. Meyer at the passage; Winers Grammar, 617 (573f) (but L T Tr WH read ἕως, as far as to etc.); — or as merely the thought of the writer: Gal 3:16; before ὅτι, 2Co 11:21; — or as the thought and pretence of others: also before ὅτι, 2Th 2:2 : cf. Winers Grammar, as above; (Buttmann, § 149, 3; on ὡς ὅτι in 2Co 5:19 (A. V. to wit) see Winers Grammar, and Buttmann's Grammar, at the passages cited (cf. Est 4:14; Josephus, contra Apion 1, 11, 1 and Müller's note; Liddell and Scott, under the word, G. 2; Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word, 7)); ὡς ἄν, as if, as though, 2Co 10:9 (cf. Winers Grammar, 310 (291); but cf. Sophocles Lexicon, under the word, 1, and see ἄν, IV.).

4. ὡς has its own verb, with which it forms a complete sentence;

a. ὡς with a finite verb is added by way of illustration, and is to be translated as, just as (Latinsicut, eo modo quo): Eph 6:20; Col 3:18; Col 4:4; 1Pe 3:6; 2Pe 2:1; 1Jn 1:7; Rev 2:28 (this example is referred by some (cf. R. V. marginal reading) to 2 a. above); (here ὡς καί; the example seems to belong under 2 b. above). in phrases in which there is an appeal—either to the O. T. (ὡς γέγραπται), Mar 1:2 (here T Tr WH καθώς);; Luk 3:4; Act 13:33; or in general to the testimony of others, Act 17:28; Act 22:5; Act 25:10; Rom 9:25; 1Co 10:7 R G (cf. ὥσπερ, b.). in phrases like ποιεῖν ὡς προσέταξεν or συνέταξεν, etc.: Mat 1:24; Mat 26:19; Mat 28:15; Luk 14:22 (here T Tr text WH ὁ); Tit 1:5; likewise, Mat 8:13; Mat 15:28; Rev 10:7; namely, γενηθήτω μοι, Mat 26:39. in short parenthetic or inserted sentences: ὡς εἰώθει, Mar 10:1; ὡς ἐνομίζετο, Luk 3:23; ὡς λογίζομαι, 1Pe 5:12; ὡς ὑπολαμβάνετε, Act 2:15; ὡς λέγουσιν, Rev 2:24; ὡς ἄν ἤγεσθε (R. V. howsoever ye might be led) utcunque agebamini (cf. Buttmann, § 139, 13; 383f (329); Winer's Grammar, § 42, 3 a.), 1Co 12:2. ὡς serves to add an explanatory extension (and is rendered in A. V. how (that)): Act 10:38; τήν... ὑπακοήν, ὡς etc. 2Co 7:15; τοῦ λόγου τοῦ κυρίου, ὡς εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Luk 22:61; τοῦ ῤήματος, ὡς ἔλεγεν, Act 11:16 (Xenophon, Cyril 8, 2, 14; an. 1, 9, 11); cf. Bornemannt Schol. ad Luc., p. 141.

b. ὡς is used to present, in the form of a comparison, a motive which is urged upon one — as ἄφες ὑμῖν τά ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καί ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν (R G ἀφίεμεν) κτλ. (for which Luk 11:4 gives καί γάρ αὐτοί ἀφίομεν), Mat 6:12 — or which actuates one, as χάριν ἔχω τῷ Θεῷ... ὡς ἀδιαλεπτον ἔχω τήν περί σου μνείαν, 2Ti 1:3 (for the dear remembrance of Timothy moves Paul's gratitude to God); (cf. Joh 19:33 (cf. II.

a. below)); in these examples ὡς has almost the force of a causal particle; cf. Klotz ad Devar. 2:2, p. 766; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. IV.; Winers Grammar, 448 (417)).

c. ὡς adds in a rather loose way something which serves to illustrate what precedes, and is equivalent to the case is as though (R. V. it is as when): Mar 13:34, where cf. Fritzsche, p. 587; unless one prefer, with Meyer, et al., to make it an instance of anantapodoton (cf. A. V. 'For the Son of Man is as a man' etc.); see ὥσπερ, a. at the end.

5. according as: Rom 12:3; 1Co 3:5; Rev 22:12.

6. ὡς, like the German wie, after verbs of reading, narrating, testifying, and the like, introduces that which is read, narrated, etc.; hence, it is commonly said to be equivalent to ὅτι (cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 765); but there is this difference between the two, that ὅτι expresses the thing itself, ὡς the mode or quality of the thing (hence, usually rendered how) (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 53, 9; (Meyer on Rom 1:9; cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I.)): thus after ἀναγινώσκειν, Mar 12:26 (where T Tr WH πῶς); Luk 6:4 (here Tr WH brackets ὡς; L text reads πῶς); μνησθῆναι, Luk 24:6 (L marginal reading ὅσα); θέασθαι, Luk 23:55; Ὑπομνῆσαι, Jud 1:5 (here ὅτι (not ὡς) is the particle), 7 (others regard ὡς here as introducing a confirmatory illustration of what precedes (A. V. even as etc.); cf. Huther, or Brückner's DeWette, ad loc.); εἰδέναι, Act 10:38; Rom 11:2; 1Th 2:11; ἐπίστασθαί, Act 10:28 (here many (cf. R. V. marginal reading) connect ὡς with the adjective immediately following (see 8 below));; ἀπαγγέλλειν, Luk 8:47; ἐξηγεῖσθαι, Luk 24:35; μάρτυς, Rom 1:9 (here others connect ὡς with the word which follows it (cf. 8 below)); Php 1:8.

7. ὡς before numerals denotes nearly, about: as, ὡς δισχίλιοι, Mar 5:13; add, Mar 8:9; Luk 2:37 (here L T Tr WH ἕως);; Joh 1:39(40); (Joh 4:6 L T Tr WH); Joh 6:19 (here Lachmann ὡσεί); Joh 11:18; (Joh 19:39 G L T Tr WH);; Act 1:15 (Tdf. ὡσεί); Joh 5:7,(36 L T Tr WH); Joh 13:18 (yet not WH text); cf. καί, I. 2 f.), 20; Joh 19:34 (WH ὡσεί); Rev 8:1 (כְּ, 1Sa 11:1; 1Sa 14:2, etc.); for examples from Greek writings see Passow, under the word, vol. ii., p. 2631b; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, E; Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word, 3).

8. ὡς is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs, and corresponds to the Latinquam, how, German wie (so from Homer down): ὡς ὡραῖοι, Rom 10:15; add, Rom 11:33; ὡς ὁσίως, 1Th 2:10 (Psa 72:1 ); with a superlative, as much as can be: ὡς τάχιστα, as quickly as possible (very often in secular authors), Act 17:15; cf. Viger., Hermann edition, pp. 562, 850; Passow, 2:2, p. 2631b bottom; (Liddell and Scott, under Ab. III.).

II. ὡς as a particle of time;

a. as, when, since; Latinut, cum, (Winer's Grammar, § 41 b. 3,1; § 53, 8): with the indicative, ὡς δέ ἐπορεύοντο, Mat 28:8 (9); Mar 9:21 (Tr marginal reading ἐξ οὗ); Luk 1:23; Luk 1:41; Luk 1:44; Luk 2:15; Luk 2:39; Luk 4:25; Luk 5:4; Luk 7:12; Luk 11:1; Luk 15:25; Luk 19:5; Luk 19:29; Luk 22:66; Luk 23:26; Luk 24:32; Joh 2:9; Joh 2:23; Joh 4:1; Joh 4:40,( Tdf.);; (cf. Joh 19:33 (see I. 4b. above));; Act 1:10; Act 5:24; Act 7:23; Act 8:36; Act 9:23; Act 10:7; Act 10:17; Act 10:25; Act 13:25; Act 13:29 (Act 13:18 WH text (see I. 7 above));, (Homer, Iliad 1, 600; 2, 321; 3, 21; Herodotus 1, 65, 80; Xenophon, Cyril 1, 4, 4. 8. 20; often in the O. T. Apocrypha especially 1 Macc.; cf. Wahl, Clavis apocr. V. T., under the word, IV. e., p. 507f).

b. while, when (Latindum, quando): Luk 20:37; as long as, while, John ( Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading (cf. ἕως, I. 2));,, L T Tr WH ((cf. ἕως, as above)); Luk 12:58; Gal 6:10 (here A. V. as (so R. V. in Luke, the passage cited); T WH read the subjunctive (as we may have etc.); Meyer (on Joh 12:35; Galatians, the passage cited) everywhere denies the meaning while; but cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. V. 2.; Lightfoot on Galatians, the passage cited).

c. ὡς ἄν, as soon as: with the subjunctive present Rom 15:24 (A. V. here whensoever); with the 2 aorist subjunctive having the force of the future perfect, 1Co 11:34 (R. V. whensoever); Php 2:23. (Cf. Buttmann, 232 (200); Winers Grammar, § 42, 5 a.; Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word 6.).

III. ὡς as a final particle (Latinut), in order that, in order to (cf. Glidersleeve in American Journ. of Philol. No. 16, p. 419f): followed by an infinitive ((cf. Buttmann, 244 (210); Winers Grammar, 318 (299); Krüger, § 65, 3, 4), Luk 9:52 L marginal reading WH); Act 20:24 (3Ma 1:2; 4Ma 14:1); ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, so to say (see εἶπον, 1 a.), Heb 7:9 (L marginal reading εἶπεν).

IV. ὡς as a consecutive particle, introducing a consequence, so that: so (according to the less frequent usage) with the indicative (Herodotus 1, 163; 2, 135; Winer's Grammar, 462 (431)), Heb 3:11; Heb 4:3 (Hebrew אֲשֶׁר, Psa 94:11; (but many interpretations question this sense with the indicative (the examples from Herodotus are not parallel), and render ὡς in Heb. the passages cited as (so R. V.)).