γάρ

γάρ — gár

γάρ, a conjunction, which according to its composition, γέ and ἄρα (equivalent to ἀρ), is properly a particle of affirmation and conclusion, denoting truly therefore, verily as the case stands, "the thing is first affirmed by the particle γέ, and then is referred to what precedes by the force of the particle ἄρα (Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 232; cf. Kühner, ii., p. 724; (Jelf, § 786; Winers Grammar, 445f (415f))). Now since by a new affirmation not infrequently the reason and nature of something previously mentioned are set forth, it comes to pass that, by the use of this particle, either the reason and cause of a foregoing statement is added, whence arises the causal or argumentative force of the particle, for (Latinnam,enim; German denn); or some previous declaration is explained, whence γάρ takes on an explicative force: for, the fact is, namely (Latinvidelicet, German nämlich). Thus the force of the particle is either conclusive, or demonstrative, or explicative and declaratory; cf. Rost in Passow's Lexicon, i., p. 535ff; Kühner, ii., pp. 724ff, 852ff; (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word). The use of the particle in the N. T. does not differ from that in the classics.

I. Its primary and original Conclusive force is seen in questions (in Greek writings also in exclamations) and answers expressed with emotion; where, according to the connexion, it may be freely represented by assuredly, verily, forsooth, why, then, etc.: ἐν γάρ τούτῳ etc. ye profess not to know whence he is; herein then is assuredly a marvellous thing, why, herein etc. Joh 9:30; οὐ γάρ, ἀλλά etc. by no means in this state of things, nay verily, but etc. Act 16:37; certainly, if that is the case, 1Co 8:11 L T Tr WH. It is joined to interrogative particles and pronouns: μή γάρ etc. Joh 7:41 (do ye then suppose that the Christ comes out of Galilee? What, doth the Christ, etc.?); μή γάρ... οὐκ, 1Co 11:22 ("what! since ye are so eager to eat and drink, have ye not," etc.?); τίς γάρ, τί γάρ: Mat 27:23 (τί γάρ κακόν ἐποίησεν, ye demand that he be crucified like a malefactor, Why, what evil hath he done?); Mat 9:5 (your thoughts are evil; which then do ye suppose to be the easier, etc.?); Mat 16:26; Mat 23:17; Mat 23:19; Luk 9:25; Act 19:35; τί γάρ; for τί γάρ ἐστι, what then? i. e. what, under these circumstances, ought to be the conclusion? Php 1:18 (cf. Ellicott at the passage); πῶς γάρ, Act 8:31; cf. Klotz, the passage cited, p. 245ff; Kühner, ii., p. 726; (Jelf, ii., p. 608); Winer's Grammar, 447 (416). Here belongs also the vexed passage Luk 18:14 ἤ γάρ ἐκεῖνος (so G T Tr marginal reading, but L WH Tr text παῥ ἐκεῖνον) or do ye suppose then that that man went down approved of God? cf. Winer's Grammar, 241 (226).

II. It adduces the Cause or gives the Reason of a preceding statement or opinion;

1. universally: Mat 2:5; Mat 6:24; Mar 1:22; Mar 9:6; Luk 1:15; Luk 1:18; Luk 21:4; Joh 2:25; Act 2:25; Rom 1:9; Rom 1:11; 1Co 11:5; Heb 2:8; 1Jn 2:19; Rev 1:3, and very often. In Joh 4:44 γάρ assigns the reason why now at length Jesus betook himself into Galilee; for the authority denied to a prophet in his own country (Galilee), he had previously to seek and obtain among strangers; cf. Joh 4:45; Meyer (yet see edition 6 (Weiss)) at the passage; Strauss, Leben Jesu, i. 725 edition 3; Neander, Leben Jesu, p. 385f edition 1 (American translation, pp. 100, 168); Ewald, Jahrbb. d. Biblical Wissensch. x., p. 108ff.

2. Often the sentences are connected in such a way that either some particular statement is established by a general proposition (`the particular by the universal'), as in Mat 7:8; Mat 13:12; Mat 22:14; Mar 4:22; Mar 4:25; Joh 3:20; 1Co 12:12; Heb 5:13, etc.; or what has been stated generally, is proved to be correctly stated by a particular instance (`the universal by the particular'): Mar 7:10; Luk 12:52; Luk 12:58; Rom 7:2; 1Co 1:26; 1Co 12:8.

3. To sentences in which something is commanded or forbidden, γάρ annexes the reason why the thing must either be done or avoided: Mat 1:20; Mat 2:20; Mat 3:9; Mat 7:2; Rom 13:11; Col 3:3; 1Th 4:3; Heb 2:2, and very often. In Php 2:13 γάρ connects the verse with Php 2:12 thus: work out your salvation with most intense earnestness, for nothing short of this accords with God's saving efficiency within your souls, to whom you owe both the good desire and the power to execute that desire.

4. To questions, γάρ annexes the reason why the question is asked: Mat 2:2 (we ask this with good reason, for we have seen the star which announces his birth); Mat 22:28; Rom 14:10; 1Co 14:9; Gal 1:10.

5. Frequently the statement which contains the cause is interrogative; τίς, τί γάρ: Luk 22:27; Rom 4:3; Rom 11:34; 1Co 2:16; 1Co 7:16; Heb 1:5; Heb 12:7; τί γάρ for τί γάρ ἐστι, Rom 3:3 (cf. Fritzsche at the passage; (Ellicott on Php 1:18)); ἵνα τί γάρ, 1Co 10:29; ποίᾳ γάρ, Jas 4:14 (WH text omits; Tr brackets γάρ).

6. Sometimes in answers it is so used to make good the substance of a preceding question that it can be rendered yea, assuredly: 1Co 9:10; 1Th 2:20; cf. Kühner, ii., p. 724.

7. Sometimes it confirms, not a single statement, but the point of an entire discussion: Rom 2:25 (it is no advantage to a wicked Jew, for etc.). On the other hand, it may so confirm but a single thought as to involve the force of asseveration and be rendered assuredly, yea: Rom 15:27 (εὐδόκησαν γάρ); so also καί γάρ, Php 2:27.

8. It is often said that the sentence of which γάρ introduces the cause, or renders the reason, is not expressed, but must be gathered from the context and supplied in thought. But that this ellipsis is wholly imaginary is clearly shown by Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 236f, cf. Winer's Grammar, 446f (415f). The particle is everywhere used in reference to something expressly stated. Suffice it to append a very few examples; the true nature of many others is shown under the remaining heads of this article: In Mat 5:12 before γάρ some supply 'nor does this happen to you alone'; but the reason is added why a great reward in heaven is reserved for those who suffer persecution, which reason consists in this, that the prophets also suffered persecution, and that their reward is great no one can doubt. In Rom 8:18 some have supplied 'do not shrink from this suffering with Christ'; but on the use of γάρ here, see III.

a. below. On Mar 7:28 (T Tr WH omit; L brackets γάρ), where before καί γάρ some supply 'but help me,' or 'yet we do not suffer even the dogs to perish with hunger,' see 10 b. below. In Act 9:11 before γάρ many supply 'he will listen to thee'; but it introduces the reason for the preceding command.

9. When in successive statements γάρ is repeated twice or thrice, or even four or five times, either a. one and the same thought is confirmed by as many arguments, each having its own force, as there are repetitions of the particle (Meyer denies the coordinate use of γάρ in the N. T., asserting that the first is argumentative, the second explicative, see his commentaries on the passage to follow, also on Rom 8:6): Mat 6:32; Rom 16:18 f; or b. every succeeding statement contains the reason for its immediate predecessor, so that the statements are subordinate one to another: Mar 6:52; Mat 16:25-27; Joh 3:19; Joh 5:21; Act 2:15; Rom 4:13-15; Romans 8:2f, 5; 1Co 3:3; 1Co 9:15-17 (where five times in G L T Tr WH); 1Co 16:7; Jas 2:10, etc.; or c. it is repeated in a different sense: Mar 9:39-41; Rom 5:6 f (where cf. Winer's Grammar, 453 (422)); Rom 10:2-5 (four times); Jas 4:14 (WH text omits; Tr brackets the first γάρ, L WH marginal reading omit the second).

10. καί γάρ (on which cf. Kühner, ii., p. 854f; Winer's Grammar, 448 (417); (Ellicott on 2Th 3:10)) is a. for, and truly (etenim,namque, (the simple rendering for is regarded as inexact by many; cf. Meyer on 2Co 13:4 and see Hartung, Partikeln, i. 137f; Krüger, § 69, 32, 21)): Mar 14:70; Luk 22:37 (L Tr brackets γάρ); 1Co 5:7; 1Co 11:9; 1Co 12:13.

b. for also, for even (nametiam): Mat 8:9; Mar 10:45; Luk 6:32; Joh 4:45; 1Co 12:14, etc. In Mar 7:28 καί γάρ (R G L brackets) τά κυνάρια etc. the woman, by adducing an example, confirms what Christ had said, but the example is of such a sort as also to prove that her request ought to be granted. τέ γάρ for indeed (German dennja): Rom 7:7; cf. Fritzsche at the passage; Winer's Grammar, 448 (417). ἰδού γάρ, see under ἰδού.

III. It serves to explain, make clear, illustrate, a preceding thought or word: for equivalent to that is, namely;

a. so that it begins an exposition of the thing just announced (cf. Winer's Grammar, 454f (423f)): Mat 1:18 (R G);; Luk 11:30; Luk 18:32. In Rom 8:18 γάρ introduces a statement setting forth the nature of the συνδοξασθῆναι just mentioned.

b. so that the explanation is intercalated into the discourse, or even added by way of appendix: Mat 4:18; Mar 1:16; Mar 2:15; Mar 5:42; Rom 7:1; 1Co 16:5. In Mar 16:4 the information ἦν γάρ μέγας σφόδρα is added to throw light on all that has been previously said (in Mar 16:3 f) about the stone.

IV. As respects position: γάρ never occupies the first place in a sentence, but the second, or third, or even the fourth (ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ γάρ υἱός, 2Co 1:19 — according to true text). Moreover, not the number but the nature of the word after which it stands is the point to be noticed, Hermann on Sophocles Phil. 1437.