πρός

πρός — prós

πρός, a preposition, equivalent to the epic προτί, from πρό and the adverbial suffix τί (cf. the German vor... bin (Curtius, § 381)); it is joined

I. with the accusative, to, toward, Latinad, denoting direction toward a thing, or position and state looking toward a thing (Winer's Grammar, § 49 h., p. 404 (378)); it is used

1. of the goal or limit toward which a movement is directed: πρός τινα or τί, a. properly, after verbs of going, departing, running, coming, etc.: ἄγω, Joh 11:15; ἀναβαίνω, Mar 6:51; Joh 20:17; Act 15:2; ἀνακάμπτω, Mat 2:12; Act 18:21; ἀνέρχομαι, Gal 1:17 (L Tr marginal reading ἀπῆλθον); ἀπέρχομαι, Mat 14:25 (Rec.); Mar 3:13, etc.; πρός ἑαυτόν, to his house, Luk 24:12 (T omits; L Tr brackets; WH reject the verse; Tr reads πρός αὐτοῦ; some connect the phrase with θαυμάζων (see 2 b. below)); Joh 20:10 (T Tr αὐτούς, WH αὑτούς (cf. under the word αὑτοῦ, at the end)); γίνεσθαι πρός τινα, to come to one, 1Co 2:3; 1Co 16:10; διαπεράω, Luk 16:26; ἐγγίζω, Mar 11:1; Luk 19:29; εἰσέρχομαι, Mar 6:25; Luk 1:28; Act 10:3; (πρός τήν Λυδίαν, into the house of Lydia, Act 16:40 (Rec. εἰς)); etc.; Rev 3:20; εἰσπορεύομαι, Act 28:30; ἐκπορεύομαι, Mat 3:5; Mar 1:5; ἐξέρχομαι, Joh 18:29; Joh 18:38; 2Co 8:17; Heb 13:13; ἐπιστρέφω, to turn (oneself), Act 9:40; 2Co 3:16; 1Th 1:9; ἐπισυνάγεσθαι, Mar 1:33; ἔρχομαι, Mat 3:14; Mat 7:15, and often; ἥκω, Joh 6:37; Act 28:23 (Rec.); καταβαίνω, Act 10:21; Act 14:11; Rev 12:12; μεταβαίνω, Joh 13:1; ὀρθρίζω, Luk 21:38; παραγίνομαι, Mat 3:13; Luk 7:4; Luk 7:20; Luk 8:19; Luk 11:6; ( Tdf.); πορεύομαι, Mat 10:6; Luk 11:5; Joh 14:12, etc.; συνάγεσθαι, Mat 13:2; Mat 27:62; Mar 4:1; Mar 6:30; Mar 7:1; συντρέχειν, Act 3:11; ὑπάγω, Mat 26:18; Mar 5:19; Joh 7:33; Joh 13:3; Joh 16:5; Joh 16:10; Joh 16:16 (T Tr WH omit; L brackets the clause),; κατευθύνειν τήν ὁδόν,1Th 3:11; also after (kindred) nouns: εἴσοδος, 1Th 1:9; 1Th 2:1; προσαγωγή, Eph 2:18. after verbs of moving, leading, sending, drawing, bringing, directing: ἄγω, Mar 11:7 (R L); Luk 18:40; Joh 1:42 (43); (Joh 18:13 L T Tr WH); Act 9:27, etc.; ἀπάγω, Mat 26:57 (R. V. to the house of C. (cf. Act 16:40 above)); Mar 14:53; Joh 18:13 (R G); Act 23:17; 1Co 12:2; (ἐξάγω ἕως πρός (see ἕως, II. 2 c.), Luk 24:50 L text T Tr WH); κατασύρω, Luk 12:58; ἁρπάζω, Rev 12:5; ἑλκύω, Joh 12:32; παραλαμβάνω, Joh 14:3; φέρω, Mar 1:32; Mar 9:17; Mar 9:19-20; (Mar 11:7 T Tr WH); πέμπω, Luk 7:1-50 :(not T WH),19; Act 25:21 (L T Tr WH ἀναπέμψω), etc. (see πέμπω); ἀναπέμπω, Luk 23:7; Luk 23:15; ἀποστέλλω, Mat 23:34, etc. (see ἀποστέλλω, 1b. and d.); στρέφομαι, Luk 7:44; Luk 23:28. after verbs of falling: πίπτειν πρός τούς πόδας τίνος, Mar 5:22; Mar 7:25; (Act 5:10 L T Tr WH); Rev 1:17. after other verbs and substantives with which the idea of direction is connected: as ἐπιστολή πρός τινα, Act 9:2; Act 22:5; 2Co 3:1; ἐντολή, Act 17:15; ἀνάδειξις, Luk 1:80; κάμπτω τά γόνατα, Eph 3:14; ἐκπετάννυμι τάς χεῖρας, Rom 10:21 (from Isa 65:2); πρόσωπον πρός πρόσωπον, face (turned) to face, i. e. in immediate presence, 1Co 13:12 (after the Hebrew, Gen 32:30; Jdg 6:22); στόμα πρός στόμα, mouth (turned) to mouth, i. e. in each other's presence, 2Jn 1:12; 3Jn 1:14 (see στόμα, 1); λαλεῖν πρός τό οὖς, the mouth being put to the ear, Luk 12:3. after verbs of adding, joining to: προστιθεναι τινα πρός τούς πατέρας, to lay one unto, i. e. bury him by the side of, his fathers, Act 13:36 (after the Hebrew, 2Ki 22:20; Jdg 2:10); θάπτειν τινα πρός τινα, Act 5:10. after verbs of saying (because speech is directed toward someone), invoking, swearing, testifying, making known: with an accusative of the person, ἀνοίγω τό στόμα, 2Co 6:11; Luk 1:13, and very often by Luke; Joh 4:48; Joh 7:3, etc.; Heb 1:13; λαλέω, Luk 1:19; Luk 1:55; Luk 2:18, etc.; 1Th 2:2; Heb 5:5; Heb 11:18; λέγω, Luk 5:36, etc.; Joh 2:3; Joh 4:15, etc.; Heb 7:21; φημί, Luk 22:70; Act 2:38 (R G);, etc.; διαλέγομαι, Act 24:12; ἀποκρίνομαι, Luk 4:4; Act 3:12; δέομαι, Act 8:24; βοάω, Luk 18:7 (R G L); αἴρειν φωνήν, Act 4:24; εὔχομαι, 2Co 13:7; ὄμνυμι, Luk 1:73; μάρτυς εἰμί, Act 13:31; Act 22:15; δημηγορέω, Act 12:21; κατηγορέω, to accuse to, bring, as it were, to the judge by accusation, Joh 5:45; ἐμφανίζω, Act 23:22; γνωρίζεται, be made known unto, Php 4:6. also after (kindred) substantives (and phrases): ἀπολογία, addressed unto one, Act 22:1; λόγος, 2Co 1:18; λόγος παρακλήσεως, Act 13:15; ὁ λόγος γίνεται πρός τινα, Joh 10:35 (Gen 15:1; Gen 15:4; Jer 1:2; Jer 1:11; Jer 13:8; Eze 6:1; Hos 1:1); γίνεται φωνή, Act 7:31 Rec.;; γίνεται ἐπαγγελία, Act 13:32 and Rec. in (where L T Tr WH εἰς); προσευχή, Rom 15:30; δέησις, Rom 10:1; προσφέρειν δεήσεις, Heb 5:7. πρός ἀλλήλους after ἀντιβάλλειν λόγους, Luk 24:17; Luk 8:1-56 taXaXe(p, Luk 6:11; διαλέγεσθαι, Mar 9:34; διαλογίζεσθαι, Mar 8:16; εἰπεῖν, Luk 2:15 ((L marginal reading T WH λαλεῖν));; Joh 16:17; Joh 19:24; λέγειν, Mar 4:41; Luk 8:25; Joh 4:33; Act 28:4; ὁμιλεῖν, Luk 24:14; συλλαλεῖν, Luk 4:36. πρός ἑαυτούς equivalent to πρός ἀλλήλους: after συζητεῖν, Mar 1:27 (T WH text read simply αὐτούς (as subjunctive));; Luk 22:23; εἰπεῖν, Mar 12:7; Joh 12:19; λέγειν, Mar 16:3; ἀγανακτεῖν (R. V. had indignation among themselves. saying), Mar 14:4 T WH (cf. Tr); see 2 b. below.

b. of a time drawing toward a given time (cf.

f. below): πρός ἑσπέραν ἐστιν, toward evening, Luk 24:29 (Gen 8:11; Zec 14:7; Plato, de rep. 1, p. 328a.; Josephus, Antiquities 5, 4, 3; πρός ἡμέραν, Xenophon, ahab. 4, 5, 21; Plato, conviv., p. 223 c.); (πρός σάββατον, Mar 15:42 LTr text).

c. metaphorically, of mental direction, with words denoting desires and emotions of the mind, to, toward: ἐνδεικνύειν πραΰτητα, Tit 3:2; μακροθύμειν, 1Th 5:14; ἤπιος, 2Ti 2:24; ἔχθρα, Luk 23:12; πεποίθησιν ἔχειν, 2Co 3:4; (ἐλπίδα ἔχων, Act 24:15 Tdf.); πίστις, 1Th 1:8; παρρησία, 2Co 7:4; 1Jn 3:21; 1Jn 5:14; with verbs signifying the mode of bearing oneself toward a person, ἐργάζεσθαι τό ἀγαθόν, Gal 6:10; τά αὐτά, Eph 6:9 (Xenophon, mem. 1, 1, 6). of a hostile direction, agdainst; so after ἀνταγωνιζεσθα, Heb 12:4; στῆναι, Eph 6:11; λακτίζειν, Act 9:5 Rec.; (see κέντρον, 2); πάλη, Eph 6:12; μάχεσθαι, Joh 6:52; διακρίνομαι, Act 11:2; γογγυσμός, Act 6:1; βλασφημία, Rev 13:6; πικραίνεσθαι, Col 3:19; (ἔχειν τί, Act 24:19; ἔχειν ζήτημα,; μομφήν, Col 3:13; πρᾶγμα, 1Co 6:1; λόγον (see λόγος, I. 6), Act 19:38; πρός τινα, to have something to bring against one (R. V. wherewith to answer), 2Co 5:12; τά (which Tr text WH omit) πρός τινα, the things to be said against one, Act 23:30 (R G Tr WH; here may be added πρός πλησμονήν σαρκός, against (i. e. to check) the indulgence of the flesh, Col 2:23 (see πλησμονή)).

d. of the issue or end to which anything tends or leads: ἡ ἀσθένεια οὐκ ἐστι πρός θάνατον, Joh 11:4; ἁμαρτάνειν, ἁμαρτία πρός θάνατον, 1Jn 5:16 f; ἅ στρεβλουσι πρός τήν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν, 2Pe 3:16; τά πρός τήν εἰρήνην namely, ὄντα — now, the things which tend to the restoration of peace (A. V. conditions of peace), Luk 14:32; now, which tend to the attainment of safety (A. V. which belong unto peace), Luk 19:42; τά πρός ζωήν, καί εὐσέβειαν (A. V. that pertain unto), 2Pe 1:3; πρός δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ, 2Co 1:20; τοῦ κυρίου, 2Co 8:19.

e. of an intended end or purpose: πρός νουθεσίαν τίνος, 1Co 10:11; as other examples add, Mat 26:12; Rom 3:26; Rom 15:2; 1Co 6:5; 1Co 7:35; 1Co 12:7; 1Co 14:12; 1Co 14:26; 1Co 15:34; 2Co 4:6; 2Co 7:3; 2Co 11:8; Eph 4:12; 1Ti 1:16; Heb 6:11; Heb 9:13; πρός τί, to what end, for what intent, Joh 13:28; πρός τήν ἐλεημοσύνην, for the purpose of asking alms, Act 3:10; πρός τό with an infinitive in order to, etc.: Mat 5:28; Mat 6:1; Mat 13:30; Mat 23:5; Mat 26:12; Mar 13:22; 2Co 3:13; Eph 6:11; 1Th 2:9; 2Th 3:8, also R G in Jas 3:3.

f. of the time for which a thing has been, as it were, appointed, i. e. during which it will last; where we use our for (German für orauf) (cf.

b. above): πρός καιρόν (Latinad tempus, Cicero, de off. 1, 8, 27; de amicitia 15, 53; Livy 21, 25, 14), i. e. for a season, for a while, Luk 8:13; 1Co 7:5; πρός καιρόν ὥρας (R. V. for a short season), 1Th 2:17; πρός ὥραν, for a short time, for an hour, Joh 5:35; 2Co 7:8; Gal 2:5; Phm 1:15; πρός ὀλίγας ἡμέρας, Heb 12:10 πρός τό παρόν, for the present, ibid. 11 (Thucydides 2, 22; Plato, legg. 5, p. 736 a.; Josephus, Antiquities 6, 5, 1; Herodian, 1, 3, 13 (5 edition, Bekker); Dio Cassius, 41, 15); πρός ὀλίγον, for a little time, Jas 4:4 (Lucian, dial. deor. 18, 1; Aelian v. h. 12, 63).

2. it is used of close proximity — the idea of direction, though not entirely lost, being more or less weakened;

a. answering to our at or by (German an); after verbs of fastening, adhering, moving (to): δεδέσθαι πρός τήν θύραν, Mar 11:4; προσκολλᾶσθαι, Mar 10:7 R G Tr (in marginal reading brackets); Eph 5:31 R G WH text; προσκόπτειν, Mat 4:6; Luk 4:11; κεῖσθαι, equivalent to to be brought near to, Mat 3:10; Luk 3:9 ((cf. 2Ma 4:33)); τιθέναι, Act 3:2; (Act 4:37 Tdf. (others παρά)); add, βεβλησθαι, Luk 16:20; τά πρός τήν θύραν, the forecourt (see θύρα, a.), Mar 2:2; εἶναι πρός τήν θάλασσαν (properly, toward the sea (A. V. by the sea)), Mar 4:1; θερμαίνεσθαι πρός τό φῶς, turned to the light (R. V. in the light), Mar 14:54; καθῆσθαι πρός τό φῶς, Luk 22:56; πρός τό μνημεῖον, Joh 20:11 Rec.; cf. Fritzsche on Mark, p. 201f b. equivalent to (Latinapud) with, with the accusative of a person, after verbs of remaining, dwelling, tarrying, etc. (which require one to be conceived of as always turned toward one), cf. Fritzsche as above: after εἶναι, Mat 13:56; Mar 6:3; Mar 9:19; Mar 14:49; Luk 9:41; Joh 1:1; 1Jn 1:2; 1Th 3:4; 2Th 2:5; 2Th 3:10; παρεῖναι, Act 12:20; 2Co 11:9 (8); Gal 4:18; Gal 4:20; παρουσία, Php 1:26; διαμενεῖν, Gal 2:5; παραμένειν, 1Co 16:6; ἐπιμένειν, 1Co 16:7; Gal 1:18; καθέζεσθαι, Mat 26:55 (R G L Tr brackets); ἐνδήμειν, 2Co 5:8; κατέχειν τινα πρός ἑαυτόν, Phm 1:13. πρός ἐμαυτόν, etc. (apud animum meum), with myself, etc. (2Ma 11:13; examples from Greek writings are given in Passow, under the word, I. 2, p. 1157a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word C. I. 5)), συλλογίζομαι, Luk 20:5; προσεύχομαι, Luk 18:11 (Tdf. omits πρός ἑαυτόν, Griesbach connects it with σταθείς); ἀγανακτεῖν, Mar 14:4 ((cf. 1 a. at the end); θαυμάζειν, Luk 24:12 (according to some; see above, 1 a. at the beginning)). Further, ποιεῖν τί πρός τινα, Mat 26:18; ἔχω χάριν πρός τινα, Act 2:47; ἔχει καύχημα... πρός Θεόν to have whereof to glory with one (properly, turned 'toward' one), Rom 4:2; παράκλητον πρός τινα, 1Jn 2:1.

3. of relation or reference to any person or thing; thus a. of fitness: joined to adjectives, ἀγαθός, Eph 4:29; ἕτοιμος, Tit 3:1; 1Pe 3:15; ἱκανός, 2Co 2:16; δυνατός, 2Co 10:4; ἐξηρτισμένος, 2Ti 3:17; ὠφέλιμος, 1Ti 4:8; 2Ti 3:16; ἀδόκιμος, Tit 1:16; ἀνεύθετος, Act 27:12; λευκός, white and so ready for, Joh 4:35; τά πρός τήν χρείαν namely, ἀναγκαῖά (R. V. such things as we needed,), Act 28:10.

b. of the relation or close connection entered (or to be entered) into by one person with another: περιπατεῖν πρός (German im Verkehr mit (in contact with (A. V. toward)); cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 265; Passow, under the word, I. 2, p. 1157a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. I. 5)) τινα, Col 4:5; 1Th 4:12; ἀναστρέφεσθαι, 2Co 1:12; of ethical relationship (where we use with), ἀσύμφωνος πρός ἀλλήλους, Act 28:25; κονωνια, συμφώνησις πρός τινα or τί, 2Co 6:15 f; εἰρήνην ἔχειν (see εἰρήνη, 5), Rom 5:1; συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρός τόν Θεόν, Act 24:16; διαθήκην ἐντέλλομαι πρός τινα, Heb 9:20 (see ἐντέλλω, at the end); διαθήκην διατίθημι, Act 2:25 (in Greek writings συνθήκας, σπονδάς, συμμαχίαν ποιεῖσθαι πρός τινα, and similar expressions; cf. Passow (or Liddell and Scott) as above); μή ταπεινώσῃ... πρός ὑμᾶς, in my relation to you (R. V. before), 2Co 12:21; πρός ὅν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (see λόγος, II. 5), Heb 4:13. Here belongs also 2Co 4:2 (A. V. to every man's conscience).

c. with regard to (any person or thing), with respect to, as to; after verbs of saying: πρός τινα, Mar 12:12; Luk 12:41; Luk 18:9; Luk 19:9; Luk 20:19; Rom 10:21; Heb 1:7 f; πρός τό δεῖν προσεύχεσθαι, Luk 18:1; ἐπιτρέπειν, γράφειν τί πρός τί, Mat 19:8; Mar 10:5; ἀποκριθῆναι τί πρός τί, Mat 27:14; ἀνταποκριθῆναι, Luk 14:6' τί ἐροῦμεν πρός ταῦτα, Rom 8:31 (Xenophon, mem. 3, 9, 12; anab. 2, 1, 20).

d. pertaining to: τά πρός τόν Θεόν (see Θεός, 3 γ.), Rom 15:17; Heb 2:17; Heb 5:1; τί πρός ἡμᾶς; namely, ἐστιν, what is that to us? i. e. it is none of our business to care for that, Mat 27:4; also τί πρός σε; Joh 21:22-23 (here Tdf. omits).

e. in comparison (like Latinad) equivalent to in comparison with: so after ἄξιος (which see in a.), Rom 8:18 (οὐ λογισθήσεται ἕτερος πρός αὐτόν, Bar 3:36 (35); cf. Viger. edition, Herm., p. 666; (Buttmann, § 147, 28)).

f. agreeably to, according to: πρός ἅ (i. e. πρός ταῦτα ἅ) ἔπραξε, 2Co 5:10; ποιεῖν πρός τό θέλημα τίνος, Luk 12:47; ὀρθοπόδειν πρός τήν ἀλήθειαν, Gal 2:14. Here belong Eph 3:4; Eph 4:14.

g. akin to this is the use of πρός joined to nouns denoting desires, emotions, virtues, etc., to form a periphrasis of the adverbs (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2 h.): πρός φθόνον, enviously, Jas 4:5 ((on this passage see φθόνος); πρός ὀργήν equivalent to ὀργίλως, Sophocles El. 369; πρός βίαν equivalent to βιαίως, Aeschylus (Prom. 208, 353, etc.) Eum. 5; others; πρός ἡδονήν καί πρός χάριν, pleasantly and graciously, Josephus, Antiquities 12, 10, 3; (other examples in Liddell and Scott, under C. III. 7)).

II. with the dative, at, near, hard by, denoting close local proximity (Winers Grammar, 395 (369f)); so six times in the N. T. (much more frequent in the Sept. and in the O. T. Apocrypha): Mar 5:11 G L T Tr WH (R. V. on the mountain side); Luk 19:37; Joh 18:16; Joh 20:11 (where Rec. has πρός τό μν,.); Joh 20:12; Rev 1:13.

III. with the genitive,

a. properly, used of that from which something proceeds;

b. (Latina parte i. e.) on the side of; hence, tropically πρός τίνος εἶναι or ὑπάρχειν, to pertain to one, lie in one's interests, be to one's advantage: so once in the N. T. τοῦτο πρός τῆς ὑμετέρας σωτηρίας ὑπάρχει, conduces to (A. V. is for) your safety, Act 27:34. (Κροισος ἐλπισας πρός ἑωυτοῦ τόν χρησμον εἶναι, Herodotus 1, 75; οὐ πρός τῆς ὑμετέρας δόξης, it will not redound to your credit, Thucydides 3, 59; add, Plato, Gorgias, p. 459 c.; Lucian, dial. deor. 20, 3; Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 10, 30; Arrian exp. Alex. 1, 19, 6; cf. Viger. edition, Herm., p. 659f; Matthiae, p. 1385f; (Liddell and Scott, under the word A. IV.); Winer's Grammar, 374 (350).)

IV. in Composition πρός signifies

1. direction or motion to a goal: προσάγω, προσεγγίζω, προσέρχομαι, προστρέχω.

2. addition, accession, besides: προσανατίθημι, προσαπειλέω, προσοφείλω.

3. vicinity: προσεδρεύω, προσμένω.

4. our on, at, as in προσκόπτω; and then of things which adhere to or are fastened to others, as προσηλόω, προσπήγνυμι.

5. to or for, of a thing adjusted to some standard: πρόσκαιρος. Cf. Zeune ad Viger. edition, Herm., p. 666.