οὖν

οὖν — oûn

οὖν a conjunction indicating that something follows from another necessarily; (others regard the primary force of the particle as confirmatory or continuative, rather than illative; cf. Passow, or Liddell and Scott, under the word; Kühner, § 508, 1 ii., p. 707ff; Bäumlein, p. 173ff; Krüger, § 69, 52; Donaldson, p. 571; Rost in a program Ueber Ableitung, as above, p. 2; Klotz, p. 717; Hartung 2:4). Hence, it is used in drawing a conclusion and in connecting sentences together logically, then, therefore, accordingly, consequently, these things being so ((Klotz, Rost, others, have wished to derive the word from the neuter participle ὄν (cf. ὄντως); but see Bäumlein or Kühner, as above); cf. Winer's Grammar, § 53, 8): Mat 3:10; Mat 10:32 (since persecutions are not to be dreaded, and consequently furnish no excuse for denying me (cf. Winer's Grammar, 455 (424))); Mat 18:4; Luk 3:9; Luk 16:27; Joh 8:38 (καί ὑμεῖς οὖν, and ye accordingly, i. e. 'since, as is plain from my case, sons follow the example of their fathers'; Jesus says this in sorrowful irony (Winer's Grammar, 455 (424))); Act 1:21 (since the office of the traitor Judas must be conferred on another); Rom 5:9; Rom 6:4; Rom 13:10; 1Co 4:16 (since I hold a father's place among you); 2Co 5:20; Jas 4:17, and many other examples As respects details, notice that it stands a. in exhortations (to show what ought now to be done by reason of what has been said), equivalent to wherefore (our transitional therefore): Mat 3:8; Mat 5:48; Mat 9:38; Luk 11:35; Luk 21:14; Luk 21:36 (R G L marginal reading Tr marginal reading); Act 3:19; Act 13:40; Rom 6:12; Rom 14:13; 1Co 16:11; 2Co 8:24; Eph 5:1; Eph 6:14 Php 2:29; Col 2:16; 2Ti 1:8; Heb 4:1; Heb 4:11; Heb 10:35; Jas 4:7; Jas 5:7; 1Pe 4:7; 1Pe 5:6; Rev 1:19 (G L T Tr WH);, and often; νῦν οὖν, now therefore, Act 16:36.

b. in questions, then, therefore (Latinigitur); α. when the question is, what follows or seems to follow from what has been said: Mat 22:28; Mat 27:22 (Winer's Grammar, 455 (424)); Mar 15:12; Luk 3:10; Luk 20:15; Luk 20:33; Joh 8:5; τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; Rom 6:1; Rom 7:7; Rom 9:14; τί οὖν φημί; 1Co 10:19; τί οὖν; what then? i. e. how then does the matter stand? (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 64, 2 a.), Joh 1:21 (here WH marginal reading punct. τί οὖν σύ;) Rom 3:9; Rom 6:15; Rom 11:7; also τί οὖν ἐστιν; (what is it then?) Act 21:22; 1Co 14:15; 1Co 14:26. β. when it is asked, whether this or that follows from what has just been said: Mat 13:28; Luk 22:70; Joh 18:39; Rom 3:31; Gal 3:21. γ. when it is asked, how something which is true or regarded as true, or what someone does, can be reconciled with what has been previously said or done: Mat 12:26; Mat 13:27; Mat 17:10 (where the thought is, 'thou commandest us to tell no one about this vision we have had of Elijah; what relation then to this vision has the doctrine of the scribes concerning the coming of Elijah? Is not this doctrine confirmed by the vision?'); Mat 19:7; Mat 26:54; Luk 20:17; Joh 4:11 (Tdf. omits οὖν); Act 15:10 (νῦν οὖν, now therefore, i. e. at this time, therefore, when God makes known his will so plainly); Act 19:3; Rom 4:1 (where the meaning is, 'If everything depends on faith, what shall we say that Abraham gained by outward things, i. e. by works?' (but note the critical texts)); 1Co 6:15; Gal 3:5. δ. in general, it serves simply to subjoin questions suggested by what has just been said: Rom 3:27; Rom 4:9 f.;; 1Co 3:5, etc.

c. in epanalepsis, i. e. it serves to resume a thought or narrative interrupted by intervening matter (Matthiae, 2, p. 1497; (Winers Grammar, 444 (414))), like Latinigitur,inquam, our as was said, say I, to proceed, etc.; Mar 3:31 (R G) (cf. Mar 3:21); Luk 3:7 (cf. Luk 3:3); Joh 4:45 (cf. Joh 4:43); (cf. ); 1Co 8:4; 1Co 11:20 (cf. Joh 11:18); add, Mar 16:19 (Tr marginal reading brackets οὖν); Act 8:25; Act 12:5; Act 13:4; Act 15:3; Act 15:30; Act 23:31; Act 25:1; Act 28:5. It is used also when one passes at length to a subject about which he had previously intimated an intention to speak: Act 26:4; Act 26:9.

d. it serves to gather up summarily what has already been said, or even what cannot be narrated at length: Mat 1:17; Mat 7:24 (where no reference is made to what has just before been said (?), but all the moral precepts of the Serm. on the Mount are summed up in a single rule common to all); Luk 3:18; Joh 20:30; Act 26:22.

e. it serves to adapt examples and comparisons to the case in hand: Joh 3:29; Joh 16:22; — or to add examples to illustrate the subject under consideration: Rom 12:20 Rec. f. In historical discourse it serves to make the transition from one tiring to another, and to connect the several parts and portions of the narrative, since the new occurrences spring from or are occasioned by what precedes (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 60, 3): Luk 6:9 R G; numberless times so in John, as (Lachmann omits); (Tdf. omits); (G T omit),;, etc.

g. with other conjunction οὖν, so then, Latinhincigitur, in Paul; see ἄρα, 5. εἰ οὖν, if then (where what has just been said and proved is carried over to prove something else), see εἰ, III. 12; (εἰ μέν οὖν, see μέν, II. 4, p. 398{b}). εἴτε οὖν... εἴτε, whether then... or: 1Co 10:31; 1Co 15:11. ἐπεί οὖν, since then: Heb 2:14; Heb 4:6; for which also a participle is put with οὖν, as Act 2:30; Act 15:2 (T Tr WH δέ);; Rom 5:1; Rom 15:28; 2Co 3:12; 2Co 5:11; 2Co 7:1; Heb 4:14; Heb 10:19; 1Pe 4:1; 2Pe 3:11 (WH Tr marginal reading οὕτως). ἐάν οὖν, if then ever, in case then, or rather, therefore if, therefore in case (for in this formula, οὖν, although placed in the protasis, yet belongs more to the apodosis, since it shows what will necessarily follow from what precedes if the condition introduced by ἐάν shall ever take place): Mat 5:23 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 455 (424)); (here Tdf. omits οὖν);; Luk 4:7; Joh 6:62; Joh 8:36; Rom 2:26; 1Co 14:11; 1Co 14:23; 2Ti 2:21; ἐάν οὖν μή, Rev 3:3; so also ὅταν οὖν, when therefore: Mat 6:2; Mat 21:40; Mat 24:15, and R G in Luk 11:34. ὅτε οὖν, when (or after) therefore, so when: Joh 13:12; Joh 13:31 ((30) Rec.bez elz L T Tr WH);; equivalent to hence, it came to pass that, when etc., Joh 2:22; Joh 19:6; Joh 19:8. ὡς οὖν, when (or after) therefore: Joh 4:1; Joh 4:40; Joh 11:6; Joh 18:6; Joh 20:11; Joh 21:9; ὡς οὖν, as therefore, Col 2:6. ὥσπερ οὖν, Mat 13:40. μέν οὖν, followed by δέ (cf. Buttmann, § 149, 16), Mar 16:19 (Tr marginal reading brackets οὖν); Joh 19:25; Act 1:6; Act 8:4; Act 8:25; 1Co 9:25, etc.; without an adversative conjunc. following, see μέν, II. 4. νῦν οὖν, see above under a., and b. γ. h. As to position, it is never the first word in the sentence, but generally the second, sometimes the third (sometimes even the fourth, Winer's Grammar, § 61, 6); as (περί τῆς βρώσεως οὖν etc. 1Co 8:4); οἱ μέν οὖν, Act 2:41, and often; πολλά μέν οὖν, Joh 20:30. John uses this particle in his Gospel far more frequently ((more than two hundred times in all)) than the other N. T. writers; in his Epistles only in the following passages: 1Jn 2:24 (where G L T Tr WH have expunged it); Lachmann; 3Jn 1:8. ((From Homer down.))