δέ

δέ — dé

δέ (related to δή, as μέν to μήν, cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 355), a particle adversative, distinctive, disjunctive, but, moreover (Winers Grammar, § 53, 7 and 10, 2); it is much more frequent in the historical parts of the N. T. than in the other books, very rare in the Epistles of John and the Apocalypse. (On its general neglect of elision (when the next word begins with a vowel) cf. Tdf. Proleg., p. 96; WHs Appendix, p. 146; Winers Grammar, § 5, 1a.; Buttmann, p. 10f) It is used:

1. universally, by way of opposition and distinction; it is added to statements opposed to a preceding statement: ἐάν ὀφθαλμός κτλ. Mat 6:23; ἐλεύσονται δέ ἡμέραι, Mar 2:20; it opposes persons to persons or things previously mentioned or thought of — either with strong emphasis: ἐγώ δέ, Mat 5:22; Mat 5:28; Mat 5:32; Mat 5:34; Mat 5:39; Mat 5:44; ἡμεῖς δέ, 1Co 1:23; 2Co 10:13; σύ δέ, Mat 6:6; ὑμεῖς δέ, Mar 8:29; οἱ δέ υἱοί τῆς βασιλείας, Mat 8:12; αἱ ἀλώπεκες... ὁ δέ υἱός τοῦ ἀνθρώπου Mat 8:20; Luk 9:58; πᾶς ὁ λαός... οἱ δέ φαρισαῖοι, Luk 7:29 f; ὁ δέ πνευματικός, 1Co 2:15, and often; — or with a slight discrimination, ὁ δέ, αὐτός δέ: Mar 1:45; Mar 5:34; Mar 6:37; Mar 7:6; Mat 13:29; Mat 13:37; Mat 13:52; Mat 15:23 ff; Luk 4:40; Luk 4:43; Luk 5:16; Luk 6:8; Luk 8:10; Luk 8:54; Luk 15:29; οἱ δέ, Mat 2:5; Mar 3:4; Mar 8:28, etc., etc.; with the addition also of a proper name, as ὁ δέ Ἰησοῦς: Mat 8:22 (Tdf. omits Ἰησοῦς); (R G Tr brackets); (Tdf. omits Ἰησοῦς);; Mar 1:41 (R G L marginal reading Tr marginal reading); ἀποκροκριθεις δέ (ὁ) Σίμων, Luk 7:43 R G L brackets; ἡ δέ Μαρία, Luk 2:19, etc.

2. μέν... δέ, see μέν.

3. after negative sentences, but, but rather (German wohlaber): Mat 6:19 f (μή θησαυρίζετε... θησαυρίζετε δέ); f; Act 12:9; Act 12:14; Rom 3:4; Rom 4:5; 1Co 1:10; 1Co 7:37; 1Th 5:21 (not Rec.); Eph 4:14; Heb 2:5; Heb 4:13; Heb 4:15; Heb 9:12; Heb 10:26; Heb 12:13; 1Pe 1:12 (οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ὑμῖν (Rec. ἡμῖν) δέ); Jas 1:13; Jas 2:11.

4. it is joined to terms which are repeated with a certain emphasis, and with such additions as tend to explain and establish them more exactly; in this use of the particle we may supply a suppressed negative clause and give its force in English by inserting I say, and that, so then, etc.): Rom 3:21 f (not that common δικαιοσύνη which the Jews boasted of and strove after, but δικαιοσυνεσς... διά πίστεως); Rom 9:30; 1Co 2:6 (σοφίαν δέ οὐ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); Gal 2:2 (I went up, not of my own accord, but etc.); Php 2:8; cf. Klotz ad Dev. ii. 2, p. 361f; L. Dindorf in Stephanus Thesaurus ii. col. 928; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 443 (412)).

5. it serves to mark a transition to something new (δέ metabatic); by this use of the particle, the new addition is distinguished from and, as it were, opposed to what goes before: Mat 1:18; Mat 2:19; Mat 10:21; Luk 12:13; Luk 13:1; Joh 7:14; Joh 7:37; Act 6:1; Rom 8:28; 1Co 7:1; 1Co 8:1, etc., etc.; so also in the phrase ἐγένετο δέ, see γίνομαι, 2 c.

6. it introduces explanations and separates them from the things to be explained: Joh 3:19; Joh 6:39; 1Co 1:12; 1Co 7:6; 1Co 7:29; Eph 5:32, etc.; — especially remarks and explanations intercalated into the discourse, or added, as it were, by way of appendix: Mar 5:13 (ἦσαν δέ etc. R L brackets); (R G); Joh 6:10; Joh 9:14; Joh 12:3; τοῦτο δέ γέγονε, Mat 1:22; Mat 21:4. Owing to this use, the particle not infrequently came to be confounded in the manuscripts (of secular writings also) with γάρ; cf. Winer on Gal 1:11; Fritzsche on Mar 14:2; also his Commentary on Romans, vol. i., pp. 234, 265; ii., p. 476; iii., p. 196; (Winers Grammar, 452 (421); Buttmann, 363 (312)).

7. after a parenthesis or an explanation which had led away from the subject under discussion, it serves to take up the discourse again (cf. Winer's Grammar, 443 (412)): Mat 3:4; Luk 4:1; Rom 5:8; 2Co 2:12; 2Co 5:8; 2Co 10:2; Eph 2:4; cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 376f.

8. it introduces the apodosis and, as it were, opposes it to the protasis: Act 11:17 R G (1Ma 14:29; 2Ma 1:34); after a participial construction which has the force of a protasis: Col 1:22 (21); cf. Matthiae 2:1470; Kühner, 2:818; (Jelf, § 770); Klotz as above, p. 370f; (Buttmann, 364 (312)).

9. καί... δέ, but... also, yea and, moreover also: Mat 10:18; Mat 16:18; Luk 2:35 (WH text omits; L Tr brackets δέ); Joh 6:51; Joh 15:27; Act 3:24; Act 22:29; Rom 11:23; 2Ti 3:12; 1Jn 1:3; 2Pe 1:5; cf. Klotz as above, p. 645f; Buttmann, 364 (312); (also Winer's Grammar, 443 (413); Ellicott on 1Ti 3:10; Meyer on Joh 6:51). ἐάν δέ yea even if: Joh 8:16.

10. δέ never stands as the first word in the sentence, but generally second; and when the words to which it is added cannot be separated, it stands third (as in Mat 10:11; Mat 18:25; Mar 4:34; Luk 10:31; Act 17:6; Act 28:6; Gal 3:23; 2Ti 3:8, etc.; in οὐ μόνον δέ, Rom 5:3; Rom 5:11, etc.), or even in the fourth place, Mat 10:18; Joh 6:51; Joh 8:16; 1Jn 1:3; 1Co 4:18; (Luk 22:69 L T Tr WH).